从阿荣旗土地、林地、蚕场等纠纷引发案件看农村地权纠纷化解途径

                                                                                             阿荣旗公安局

近年来，阿荣旗关于土地、林地、蚕场等地权纠纷问题逐年增多，尤其是农业税费改革以后，国家又进一步加大了对“三农”补助的力度，粮食补贴、油料补贴等惠农补助金额逐年递增，农民对土地的观念由弱变强，种地的积极热情度呈现出高涨态势，所以引发了新一轮的土地矛盾纠纷。为更好的调处地权纠纷，保持社会的和谐稳定，阿荣旗公安局治安大队就地权纠纷引发的社会治安问题进行了此项专题调研。

地权纠纷引发案件基本情况

2008年至2011年因土地、林地、蚕场等纠纷引发案件共101起，其中：治安案件69起，占引发案件总数的68.32%。治安处罚135人，其中：罚款52人，拘留83人，并处59人。刑事案件32起，占引发案件总数的31.68%。刑事处罚16人，其中：判刑13人，取保2人。

2008-2011年地权纠纷案件对比表：

通过对比，表明我旗土地、林地、蚕场等纠纷引发案件呈上升趋势，占案件总数的比例越来越大。其中2009年上升75%；2010年上升300%；2011年上升121%。

案件分类及处罚结果对比表：

二、地权纠纷引发案件特点

（一）法律意识欠缺，程序难

纠纷当事人法律意识和知识相对欠缺，他们重实体而忽视对程序的遵守，较少委托专业律师代理诉讼。

（二）法规不明晰，用法难

我国对有关土地、林地、蚕场等纠纷处理的相关法律法规不全面，现阶段对有关土地、林地、蚕场等纠纷处理缺乏法律依据。

（三）争议分歧大，调解难

土地、林地、蚕场等承包权关系当事人的切身长远利益，他们对涉及自身的纠纷极为关注，双方当事人之间对立情绪严重，矛盾难以化解。

（四）标的物特殊，权属难

此类案件中，主要争议标的物——土地、林场、蚕场等是特定物，因此权属难以界定。

三、地权纠纷引发案件原因分析

随着国家对农业的支持和补贴力度逐年加大,这极大地调动了广大农民群众发展农业生产的积极性,因此围绕农地等纠纷也越来越多。从表面来看,这些问题和矛盾是由国家利农政策的实施引起的,农村土地等纠纷有深层次的原因。

（一）“三农”政策下的土地政策优厚，凸显矛盾纠纷引发案件

我旗土地纠纷问题逐渐增多，尤其是农业税费改革以后，国家又对“三农”补助力度加大，粮食补贴、油料补贴等惠农补助金额逐年递增，农民对土地的观念由弱变强，对种地的积极性普遍高涨，所以引发了新一轮的土地矛盾纠纷，其次农作物和农副产品价格上涨，因此在农民心里土地升值，所以极易引发地权纠纷，矛盾纠纷激化引发案件。

（二）土地流转环节出现问题，矛盾纠纷引发案件

土地的不规范流转。典型的是买卖土地，以地低债现象，土地在农民中间视为一种财产，个人之见所欠的债务，可能通过收回土地来低顶债务，同时私下买卖土地的行为屡见不鲜，这都和国家的法律、政策相相悖。自新颁布的《土地法》为保障失去土地的农民的根本权益，对以土地抵债的情况作出了新的法律规定出台后，以前以地抵债或土地买卖的，现在一方反悔，要求对方返还土地从而产生矛盾日益增多。

（三）涉法土地纠纷信访案件占一定比例

经过调解的，其中一方当事人反悔，不想按调解书履行义务，于是走信访程序，又发生新一轮的土地纠纷的重复访，群体上访情况时有发生。

（四）因土地、林地、房屋等特定物被征用出现纠纷引发案件

政府、开发商或修路等征用土地、林地、房屋等，农民得到的补偿自认为不够合理或补偿过低，或农民所要补偿过高，没有规范的补偿制度，双方无法达成协议，引起农民上访事件发生，如果矛盾激化演变成无法调和的矛盾，将导致农民上访、群体访或反复访的事件发生。

（五）农村土地所有权属不明纠纷引发案件

我旗多次撤乡并镇，导致很多村组合并、分离，村内账目混乱，多年前的账目不清，土地权，林地，蚕场权不清；个别村民与相邻的土地所有者因土地界线划分模糊，为了一条垄两家互相争持不下，均说是自己所有；个别农户使用土地多年，但未办理相关手续，造成土地产权不明确，因此公安机关也无法确定其所有权。

案  例

2010年6月10日，亚东镇居民张经志趟地时与孙乐加因地垄归属权发生纠纷，进而撕打起来，孙乐加将张经志头部、身上打成轻微伤，孙乐加的妻子张丽梅与张经志的妻子昌玲华互相撕打，互相致伤。双方在调解中各不相让，此案给予治安处罚后其实并没有解决土地所有权的诱因问题，派出所应当与所在地政府及当事人所在村组联系协调，调取土地台帐，确定土地到底归谁所有，在双方在场的情况下，告知当事人确定所有权或由公证部门加以公正。如当事人还有异议，可向人民法院提起民事诉讼。这样才能从根本上解决因土地引发的矛盾纠纷。

（六）蚕场内下药导致牲畜死亡产生纠纷引发案件

为防止鼠类及其他动物危害蚕的生长，蚕农在蚕场内下药，村民的牲畜误食，导致死亡，引起纠纷。

案  例

2011年5月20日新发乡圣水村五组村民姜传胜在放羊时在本组村民孔庆祥家蚕场附近，羊吃了怀疑是蚕农下的二合一的毒药，导致十只羊死亡，其中七只母羊，一只种羊，两只小羊。村民利益受到损失。

（七）沙场、石头场等各种采矿所有权纠纷引发案件

采沙场、采石场经营人同行之间，因所有权问题引发纠纷，并且同行之间的竞争关系导致纠纷凸显。

案  例

刘作福（刘慧酌父亲）在六合镇金边堡村东金山组南山有石头坑，开采石头卖钱，王东伟（王子毓父亲）在六合镇金边堡村南山也有一处石头坑，二人处于竞争关系，并且对于石头坑的归属问题也有争议。经常因卖石头的问题发生争吵，2011年6月20日19时许，在六合镇金边堡村东金山组刘作福家房后的大道上，在王东伟石头坑出来的拉石头的车被韩静（刘慧酌母亲）在自家房后的大道上堵住，王东伟知道此事后来到韩静家房后，王东伟与韩静和刘作福吵吵起来，王东伟和韩静厮巴起来，韩静被王东伟抡倒在地，韩静在自家大门口处拿起一根杨木棒子打王东伟，刘慧酌见此情形上前抢过韩静手中的木棒打王东伟和上前拉仗的王子毓，致王子毓左肩胛骨骨折。2011年06月27日，经阿荣旗公安局物证鉴定室鉴定，王子毓肩胛骨所受损伤为轻伤。现犯罪嫌疑人刘慧酌已被依法逮捕。此案中，公安机关无法确定权属，对石头坑的所有权问题，并没有解决，因此还可能引发矛盾纠纷，对于采矿权而言，是指民事主体依法取得采矿许可证规定范围内，开采矿产资源和获得所开采的矿产品的权利。作为民事主体的单位和个人，依据《矿产资源法》及其配套法规，享有开采矿产资源，出售、转让采矿权等权利。《矿产资源法》第3条明确规定：”矿产资源属于国家所有””勘查、开采矿产资源，必须依法分别申请，经批准取得探矿权、采矿权，并办理登记”。这表明取得采矿权应当通过严格的行政程序来进行，但这并不意味着采矿权只是一种行政特许权而非民事权利。，《矿产资源法》第5条第2款规定：“开采矿产资源，必须按照国家有关规定缴纳资源税和资源补偿费”。

因此核实是否具备相关部门核发的采矿许可证（对应的许可证具有唯一性）等等一系列的相关证件，确定其所有权。

（八）因荒山、草场等承包者与其他村民之间纠纷引发案件

政府把荒山或草场承包给个人，个人与村民间引发纠纷。

案  例

2011年7月27日早晨5时许，阿荣旗音河乡新立村居民马国祥在新立村二组西北大架山放牛，因此山系刘焕于2009年从音河乡政府承包，刘焕前去山上制止马国祥放牛（经王军同意），二人在山上发生打斗，刘焕妹夫李艳新赶到现场也对马国祥进行殴打，致马国祥头部钝器外伤，经阿荣旗公安局刑事技术室鉴定，构成轻伤。刘焕、李艳新行为已触犯《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百三十四条之规定，涉嫌故意伤害。此案现已移交治安大队。此案中，04年音河乡政府将此山承包给本地居民王军，后因王军放弃经营管理等原因，政府将此山收回，09年将此山承包给本地居民刘焕，首先应确定荒山的承包权。确定矛盾的根源所在，才能从根本上解决矛盾。

（九）因林地所属问题导致村民与村民矛盾激化引发案件

案  例

2011年4月26日15点30分许，孙忠林到自家树地边上把张富海栽在那的树苗拔掉，张海富不让孙忠林拔树苗，二人对相邻的树地归属有争议，双方发生口角，而后双方发生厮打，在厮打过程中张富海把孙忠林的鼻子打出血了。六合镇派出所立案调查。

四、处理途径及解决对策

中山大学郭巍青教授认为“问题与机遇是一把双刃剑”，一方面问题的出现对于人民群众的生产生活产生负面的消极影响，在构建和谐社会过程中总是带有其伴生的破坏性，对于基层公安工作也是一个新的挑战。另一方面问题的出现有助于我们清楚的认识到在处理此类问题上还存在不足，对于我们的工作而言，反而是一个逐步完善的过程。在走访调研过程中，关于我旗土地、林地、蚕场等地权纠纷问题处理途径及解决对策总结如下：

（一）在走访活动中，加大法律法规的宣传力度，让群众了解法律，运用法律，避免因土地、林地、蚕场等纠纷引发案件。

（二）公安机关不宜直接介入土地纠纷事件，解决的途径就是通过司法部门对农民之间的矛盾进行充分的调解，介于法院对土地等纠纷引发的案件不予受理，因此土地、难以确定权属。应加强与法院沟通协作，对此类案件予以受理，法院、公安、政府、草原站、农业服务中心、林业局等相关单位充分发挥职能作用，形成联动的局面。

（三）公安机关对待土地、林地、蚕场等纠纷案件首先要平复双方的怒气，再进行处理，与治安案件分开。

（四）大力加强矛盾纠纷排查化解的力度，依托乡村两级干部，将农民之间的纠纷处理在萌芽状态，不至于让其无限扩大，变成无法调和的矛盾，协调政府主管部门，做到让土地、草场等承包过程透明化、公开化，充分让老百姓了解国家的政策，减少矛盾纠纷引发案件的发生。

（五）完善土地、林地、蚕场等特定标的物承包经营权保护机制的建议

第一、进一步强化农村土地权利的公示

　　一是规范“三证”发放。“三证”是特指涉及农村土地的国有土地使用权证、农村集体土地所有权证，以及土地承包经营权证。在当前农村土地纠纷相对增多的时期，在稳定现有农村土地权属关系的前提下，应当注重发放涉及农村土地的国有土地使用权证和集体土地所有权证，明确农村中那些土地应归国家所有，或农民集体所有，分别属于哪一级农民集体所有，明确土地之间的界限，长远稳定农村土地固有权属。农村土地承包经营权属于不动产物权的他物权，该权利的取得与权利主体享有的集体经济组织成员资格有密切关系。农村土地承包经营权证具有不动产权利凭证的性质和作用，该证书的发放对稳定农村土地关系具有十分重要的意义。根据我们调查，我旗大多数农村地区，承包经营权证书已经发放到村级，但尚未完全发放到农户手中，在靠近城镇郊的农村，许多村民并未领到承包经营权证书，承包合同也未签订，村民对自己的权利义务并不明确。同时，证书内容过于简单，并不能反映土地权属的界限。因此，应规范土地承包经营权证书的制作及发放，权利证书应当详细、明确地表明承包经营权的设立、流转等情况，维护承包关系的稳定，证书应发放到农户手中，并教育村民要妥善保管权利证书。

　　二是对林地等特殊承包关系进行登记。在林地承包中，因涉及对土地使用的权利以及对土地之上林木的权利等内容而关系复杂，如果不实行登记制度，很难将权利人较为复杂的权利内容对外公示，其公示性较一般的土地承包更为重要。我国实行林业承包合同与确权发证结合的制度，但由于林权证的公示作用并不强，它虽能明确林地承包的权属，但第三人难以知晓承包关系上是否设立物权、权利人是谁，更因为林地承包的主体资格并没有明确限制，第三人很难从集体经济组织成员的身份中判断其是否对承包的林地享有物权，一旦发生林权转让而没有及时办理登记手续，则此后受让人与转让人难以从事正常的交易，其受让的权利可能受到侵害。

第二、逐步建立健全涉农土地纠纷诉讼外解决机制

　　《农村土地承包法》第五十一条规定：因土地承包经营发生纠纷的，双方当事人可以通过协商解决，也可以请求村民委员会、乡(镇)人民政府等调解解决。当事人不愿协商、调解，或协商调解不成的，可以向农村土地承包仲裁机构申请仲裁，也可以直接向人民法院起诉。据此，我国已建立了协商、调解、仲裁、诉讼四种处理土地承包纠纷的机制，解决纠纷的途径较多，在大力加强诉讼工作的同时，应当健全诉讼外解决机制。

　　一、侧重诉前调解疏导。因涉农土地纠纷有一定的家族和地缘性特征，基层人民调解组织是最早发现纠纷的一级机构，他们能及时掌握各类案件信息。矛盾伊始，基层人民调解组织如能早抓、抓小、抓苗头，努力把矛盾解决在萌芽状态，将能避免引发更大的纠纷。同时，基层调解人员与纠纷当事人较为熟悉，了解纠纷各自的特点以及产生纠纷的真正缘由，利于调解，调解后也利于最终的执行。因此，应加强基层人民调解组织对纠纷的调解疏导工作，充分发挥人民调解工作的网络优势，和维护社会稳定“第一道防线”的作用，将纠纷尽早、彻底解决在诉讼前。法院应认真审理涉及人民调解协议的案件，对符合有效条件的协议要依法予以维持，努力做好人民调解与诉讼调解机制的衔接。

　　二要强化仲裁机制。从地缘关系上，仲裁机构是乡(镇)级的基层组织，由于承包关系的社区性和承包方案的备案监督机制，其处理承包纠纷更易掌握准确的信息，裁决更具有可执行性和可接受性，能够减少当事人的诉讼风险和对抗性，符合农村土地承包关系的运作特点。我国农村集体经济组织部分地区已经建立农村土地承包纠纷仲裁机构，并开展相应的仲裁工作，但是，有些地区的仲裁机构尚未建立，有的虽已建立但因为人员不足等原因尚未开展仲裁工作，仲裁委员会在纠纷解决中并未发挥更大的作用。因此，应建立和完善我市农业承包合同仲裁机制，使纠纷尽可能通过仲裁方式解决。

　　第三、农地承包经营权物权化

　　农地承包经营权是农村土地所有权与使用权分离的结果和法律表现。《农村土地承包法》对家庭承包的耕地、林地和草地，实行物权保护，权利义务法定化；对以其他形式承包“四荒”等土地则通过合同方式设定，主要通过招标、拍卖和协商方式进行承包，实行债权保护。

　　务必要依法确立承包期限。物权化的承包经营权要求以法律形式确认权利的期限，使其成为长期稳定的权利。《农村土地承包法》虽然分别规定了耕地、草地和林地的承包期限，但法律仍可仅就该权利的期限设定最短或最长限制，实际承包期双方可通过合同协商解决，体现法定和意定的有机结合，既有利于保护承包人的利益，也能考虑到各地农村的具体情况和双方当事人的实际要求。

　　务必要承包经营权内容法定。法律应当确认承包经营权人有权自主决定生产经营和处置产品，有权将承包经营权出租、转包、入股、互换或依法转让；在承包期内承包的土地依法由国家征收或集体使用的，有权依法获得相应的补偿；承包期满，有优先承包权。承包人的义务主要包括：按照法律规定或合同约定(主要指其他形式的承包)从事生产和经营，不得擅自改变土地使用目的；按照法律和合同约定缴纳有关费用；承包期满或其法定原因及时返还土地等。

    务必要承包经营权的法定灭失。应当包括：承包经营权期限届满、承包经营权人依法转让、承包经营权人严重违法等行为、国家依法对承包经营的土地征用等法定情形。

相关图书

《内蒙古阿荣旗公安局文件汇编2》

本文链接

从阿荣旗土地、林地、蚕场等纠纷引发案件看农村地权纠纷化解途径

相关链接

内蒙古阿荣旗公安局局信访部门认真开展十八大安保工作

内蒙古阿荣旗公安局2009年指挥室收文登记

内蒙古阿荣旗公安局看守所情报信息研判

内蒙古阿荣旗公安局情报中心2012年度工作总结

阿荣旗公安局刑警大队十八大安保工作阶段性总结

阿荣旗公安局吕和庆评选全区十大法治人物先进事迹

阿荣旗公安局紧紧围绕“六不”主线深入开展“十八大”安保攻坚战

关于景忠堂等人指控景晓堂非法拘禁王亚光一案的侦查报告

内蒙古阿荣旗公安局国保大队2012年1-10月份工作总结

阿荣旗旗毒品犯罪新特点及公安机关如何采取有针对性的打击和防范措施，进一步增强打防实效

浅析当前经济犯罪呈现的新特点及经侦部门打防对策

浅析基层公安机关社会管理综合治理工作中存在的主要问题和改进意见

浅析如何提高派出所民警做群众工作的能力和水平

清醒认识各类邪教发展态势 采取果断措施坚决予以打击

谈如何做好民警思想政治教育工作

英文翻译

Seeing ways to resolve disputes over land rights in rural areas from cases involving disputes over land, forest land, and silkworm farms in Arong Banner
Arong Banner Public Security Bureau

In recent years, disputes over land, forest land, and silkworm farms in Arong Banner have been increasing year by year. Especially after the reform of agricultural taxes and fees, the state has further increased subsidies for “agriculture, rural areas and farmers”, and subsidies for farmers such as grain subsidies and oil subsidies The amount has increased year by year, farmers’ concept of land has changed from weak to strong, and their enthusiasm for farming has shown a rising trend, which has triggered a new round of land conflicts and disputes. In order to better mediate land rights disputes and maintain social harmony and stability, the Public Security Brigade of Arong Banner Public Security Bureau conducted this special survey on social security issues caused by land rights disputes.

Basic information on cases arising from disputes over land rights
From 2008 to 2011, there were 101 cases arising from disputes over land, forest land, and silkworm farms, among which 69 were public security cases, accounting for 68.32% of the total cases. 135 people were punished by law and order, of which 52 people were fined, 83 people were detained, and 59 people were punished. There were 32 criminal cases, accounting for 31.68% of the total cases triggered. 16 people were criminally punished, of which: 13 people were sentenced to prison and 2 people were released on bail.

Comparison table of land rights dispute cases from 2008 to 2011:

Annual Public Security Cases Criminal Cases
Public security cases arising from disputes Total number of public security cases Total number of cases Percentage Criminal cases arising from disputes Total number of criminal cases Total number of cases Percentage
2008 2 595 0.34% 2 328 0.61%
2009 2 685 0.29% 5 416 1.20%
2010 17 1338 1.27% 11 466 2.36%
2011 48 1214 3.95% 14 479 2.92%
Comparison table of land rights dispute cases from 2008 to 2011
Through comparison, it shows that cases caused by disputes over land, forest land, and silkworm farms in our banner are on the rise, accounting for an increasing proportion of the total number of cases. Among them, it increased by 75% in 2009; 300% in 2010; and 121% in 2011.

Comparison table of case classification and punishment results:

Year Case Type Public Security Case Handling Result Criminal Case Handling Result
Fine Detention Concomitant Punishment Sentence Release on Bail
2008 Land 1 8 8 1 1 1
woodland
silkworm farm 1 1 1
grass field 1 1 1
Subtotal 2 9 9 2 2 1 1
2009 Land 1 2 2 1 3 5 5
woodland
silkworm farm 1 1
pasture 1
Subtotal 2 2 2 1 5 5 5
2010 Land 14 12 12 8 8 4 3
woodland 1
silkworm farm 1
Grass 2 3 3 2 2 2
Subtotal 17 12 15 11 11 6 5
2011 Land 38 37 53 34 9 3 2 1
woodland 2
Silkworm Farm 7 1 4 4 3
grass field 1 2
Subtotal 48 38 57 38 14 3 2 1
Total (101) (69) 52 83 59 (32) 16 13 2
Case Classification and Penalty Results Comparison Table

2. Characteristics of cases involving disputes over land rights
   (1) Lack of legal awareness and difficult procedures
   The parties to the dispute lack legal awareness and knowledge, they focus on substance and ignore procedures, and seldom entrust professional lawyers to represent them in litigation.

(2) Regulations are unclear and difficult to use
my country’s relevant laws and regulations on the handling of disputes related to land, forest land, silkworm farms, etc. are not comprehensive, and there is no legal basis for handling disputes related to land, forest land, silkworm farms, etc. at this stage.

(3) Difficult mediation due to large disputes
Contracting rights such as land, forest land, and silkworm farms are related to the immediate and long-term interests of the parties concerned. They are extremely concerned about their own disputes, and the conflicts between the two parties are serious and difficult to resolve.

(4) The subject matter is special and the ownership is difficult
In such cases, the main disputed objects – land, forest farms, silkworm farms, etc. are specific objects, so it is difficult to define the ownership.

3. Analysis of the Causes of Cases Caused by Land Rights Disputes
   As the state’s support and subsidies for agriculture have increased year by year, this has greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of the broad masses of farmers to develop agricultural production, so there are more and more disputes around farmland. On the surface, these problems and contradictions are caused by the implementation of the national policy of benefiting farmers, and there are deep-seated reasons for rural land disputes.

(1) The favorable land policy under the “three rural” policy highlights the contradictions and disputes that lead to cases
The number of land disputes in our banner has gradually increased, especially after the reform of agricultural taxes and fees, the state has increased subsidies for “agriculture, rural areas and farmers”, and the amount of subsidies for farmers such as grain subsidies and oil subsidies has increased year by year. Enthusiasm for farming is generally high, which triggered a new round of land conflicts and disputes. Secondly, the price of crops and agricultural by-products has risen, so land has appreciated in the hearts of farmers, so it is very easy to cause land rights disputes, and the intensification of conflicts and disputes has led to cases.

(2) There are problems in the land transfer link, and conflicts and disputes lead to cases
Irregular transfer of land. The typical one is buying and selling land. Land is regarded as a kind of property among farmers. The debts owed by individuals may be lowered by taking back the land. At the same time, the behavior of buying and selling land in private is common. The laws and policies of the country are contrary to each other. In order to protect the fundamental rights and interests of farmers who lost their land, the newly promulgated “Land Law” has made new legal regulations on the situation of using land to pay off debts. In the past, one party who used to pay off debts or trade land now repents and asks the other party to return the land As a result, conflicts are increasing.

(3) Petition cases involving legal land disputes accounted for a certain proportion
After mediation, one of the parties repented and did not want to perform the obligations according to the mediation agreement, so they went through the petition procedure, and a new round of land disputes occurred.

(4) Cases arising from disputes arising from the expropriation of specific objects such as land, forest land, and houses
The government, developers, or road construction expropriate land, forest land, houses, etc., and the compensation that farmers get is considered unreasonable or too low, or the compensation that farmers want is too high. There is no standardized compensation system, and the two parties cannot reach an agreement, causing farmers to petition When an incident occurs, if the contradiction intensifies and becomes an irreconcilable contradiction, it will lead to incidents of farmers petitioning, group visits or repeated visits.

(5) Cases arising from disputes over unclear ownership of rural land
Our Banner has repeatedly withdrawn townships and merged townships, resulting in the merger and separation of many village groups, confusion in the accounts of the villages, unclear accounts many years ago, and unclear rights to land, forest land, and silkworm farms; The boundary line is blurred, and the two families are fighting each other for a ridge, claiming that they own it; some farmers have used the land for many years, but have not gone through the relevant procedures, resulting in unclear land property rights, so the public security organs cannot determine their ownership.

case

On June 10, 2010, Zhang Jingzhi, a resident of Yadong Town, had a dispute with Sun Lejia over the ownership of the ridge when he went to the land. His wife Zhang Limei and Zhang Jingzhi’s wife Chang Linghua fought and injured each other. The two parties refused to give in during the mediation. The public security punishment in this case did not actually solve the land ownership incentive problem. The police station should contact and coordinate with the local government and the village group where the party is located to obtain the land account and determine who owns the land. In the presence of both parties, inform the parties to determine ownership or have it notarized by a notary. If the parties still have objections, they may bring a civil lawsuit to the people’s court. Only in this way can the conflicts and disputes caused by land be fundamentally resolved.

(6) Cases arising from disputes arising from the application of drugs in silkworm farms resulting in the death of livestock
In order to prevent rodents and other animals from harming the growth of silkworms, silkworm farmers applied medicines in silkworm farms, and villagers’ livestock accidentally ate them, resulting in death and disputes.

case

On May 20, 2011, Jiang Chuansheng, a villager in the fifth group of Shengshui Village, Xinfa Township, was near the silkworm farm of Kong Qingxiang, a villager in his group, when he was grazing sheep. A ewe, a breeding sheep, and two lambs. The interests of the villagers have been lost.

(7) Cases arising from various mining ownership disputes such as sandfields and stone fields
Disputes between sand mining and quarry operators have arisen due to ownership issues, and competition among peers has led to prominent disputes.

case

Liu Zuofu (Liu Huizhuo’s father) has a stone pit in Nanshan, East Jinshan Formation, Jinbianbao Village, Liuhe Town, where he mines stones and sells them for money. Wang Dongwei (Wang Ziyu’s father) also has a stone pit in Nanshan, Jinbianbao Village, Liuhe Town. The two are in a competitive relationship , and there is also controversy over the ownership of the stone pit. There were often quarrels over the issue of selling stones. At about 19:00 on June 20, 2011, on the road behind Liu Zuofu’s house in the East Jinshan Group of Jinbianbao Village, Liuhe Township, the cart pulling stones out of Wang Dongwei’s stone pit was arrested by Han Jing. (Liu Huizhuo’s mother) blocked the avenue behind her house. Wang Dongwei came to Han Jing’s house after knowing about it. Wang Dongwei quarreled with Han Jing and Liu Zuofu. On the ground, Han Jing picked up a poplar stick at the gate of her house and beat Wang Dongwei. Seeing this situation, Liu Huijuo stepped forward and snatched the stick from Han Jing’s hand and beat Wang Dongwei and Wang Ziyu who came forward to fight. Fracture of the scapula. On June 27, 2011, Wang Ziyu’s scapula was identified as a minor injury by the Physical Evidence Appraisal Office of the Arong Banner Public Security Bureau. The suspect Liu Huizhuo has been arrested according to law. In this case, the public security organ was unable to determine the ownership, and the issue of the ownership of the stone pit was not resolved, which may lead to conflicts and disputes. As for mining rights, it refers to the civil subject’s legally obtained mining licenses within the scope of the mining license. resources and the right to obtain mined mineral products. Units and individuals, as civil subjects, enjoy the right to exploit mineral resources, sell and transfer mining rights in accordance with the Mineral Resources Law and its supporting regulations. Article 3 of the “Mineral Resources Law” clearly stipulates: “Mineral resources are owned by the state” “Exploration and exploitation of mineral resources must be applied separately according to the law, and the prospecting right and mining right must be obtained upon approval and registered.” This shows that the acquisition of mining rights should be carried out through strict administrative procedures, but this does not mean that mining rights are just an administrative concession rather than a civil right. , “Mineral Resources Law” Article 5, paragraph 2: “The exploitation of mineral resources must pay resource taxes and resource compensation fees in accordance with relevant state regulations.”

Therefore, check whether you have a mining license issued by the relevant department (the corresponding license is unique) and a series of related documents to determine its ownership.

(8) Cases arising from disputes between contractors of barren hills and pastures and other villagers
The government contracts barren hills or pastures to individuals, and disputes arise between individuals and villagers.

case

At around 5 a.m. on July 27, 2011, Ma Guoxiang, a resident of Xinli Village, Yinhe Township, Arong Banner, was grazing cattle on the Dajia Mountain in the northwest of the second group of Xinli Village. Therefore, Liu Huan, the mountain system, was contracted by the Yinhe Township Government in 2009, and Liu Huan went to the mountain To stop Ma Guoxiang from grazing cattle (with the consent of Wang Jun), the two had a fight on the mountain. Liu Huan’s brother-in-law Li Yanxin also beat Ma Guoxiang when he arrived at the scene, causing Ma Guoxiang’s blunt trauma to the head. hurt. The behavior of Liu Huan and Li Yanxin has violated the provisions of Article 234 of the “Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China” and is suspected of intentional injury. The case has now been handed over to the Public Security Brigade. In this case, the Yinhe township government contracted the mountain to local resident Wang Jun in 2004. Later, because Wang Jun gave up management and other reasons, the government took back the mountain. In 2009, the government contracted the mountain to local resident Liu Huan. Determine the contracting rights of the barren hills. Only by determining the root of the contradiction can the contradiction be fundamentally resolved.

(9) Cases caused by the intensification of conflicts between villagers due to the issue of forest land ownership
case

At about 15:30 on April 26, 2011, Sun Zhonglin went to the edge of his tree plot and pulled out the sapling Zhang Fuhai had planted there. Zhang Haifu refused to let Sun Zhonglin pull up the sapling. There was a quarrel, and then a fight broke out between the two sides. During the fight, Zhang Fuhai beat Sun Zhonglin’s nose to bleeding. The Liuhe Town Police Station filed a case for investigation.

4. Treatment methods and solutions
   Professor Guo Weiqing of Sun Yat-sen University believes that “problems and opportunities are a double-edged sword”. On the one hand, the emergence of problems will have a negative impact on the production and life of the people, and it will always be destructive in the process of building a harmonious society. It is also a new challenge for grassroots public security work. On the other hand, the emergence of problems helps us clearly realize that there are still deficiencies in dealing with such problems. For our work, it is a process of gradual improvement. During the investigation and investigation, the methods and countermeasures for handling disputes over land, forest land, and silkworm farms in our banner are summarized as follows:

(1) During the visits, increase the publicity of laws and regulations, let the masses understand the laws, use the laws, and avoid cases caused by disputes over land, forest land, silkworm farms, etc.

(2) It is inappropriate for the public security organs to directly intervene in land disputes. The solution is to fully mediate the conflicts between farmers through the judicial department. Since the courts do not accept cases caused by land disputes, it is difficult to determine land and other rights. belongs to. Communication and cooperation with courts should be strengthened to accept such cases, and relevant units such as courts, public security, government, grassland stations, agricultural service centers, and forestry bureaus should fully play their roles and form a coordinated situation.

(3) When dealing with land, forest land, silkworm farm and other disputes, the public security organs must first appease the anger of both parties, and then deal with them separately from public security cases.

(4) Vigorously strengthen the investigation and resolution of conflicts and disputes, relying on village and village cadres to deal with disputes between farmers in the bud, so as not to allow them to expand indefinitely and become irreconcilable contradictions, and coordinate with the competent government departments to achieve Let the contracting process of land and grassland be transparent and open, fully let the common people understand the state’s policies, and reduce the occurrence of cases caused by conflicts and disputes.

(5) Suggestions for improving the protection mechanism for contractual management rights of specific objects such as land, forest land, and silkworm farms

First, further strengthen the publicity of rural land rights

The first is to standardize the issuance of the “three certificates”. The “three certificates” specifically refer to the state-owned land use right certificate, the rural collective land ownership certificate, and the land contract management right certificate involving rural land. In the current period when rural land disputes are relatively increasing, on the premise of stabilizing the existing rural land ownership relationship, we should pay attention to issuing state-owned land use right certificates and collective land ownership certificates involving rural land, and clarify which land in rural areas should be owned by the state. Or collectively owned by farmers, which level of collectively owned farmers belong to, clarify the boundaries between land, and stabilize the inherent ownership of rural land in the long run. The right to contractual management of rural land belongs to the real right of the real property right, and the acquisition of this right is closely related to the membership of the collective economic organization enjoyed by the subject of the right. The rural land contract management right certificate has the nature and function of the real estate right certificate, and the issuance of the certificate is of great significance to the stability of rural land relations. According to our survey, in most rural areas of our banner, the certificates of contracted management rights have been issued to the village level, but have not yet been fully issued to farmers. Without signing, the villagers are not clear about their rights and obligations. At the same time, the content of the certificate is too simple and does not reflect the boundaries of land ownership. Therefore, the production and issuance of certificates of land contractual management rights should be regulated. The certificates of rights should clearly indicate the establishment and transfer of contractual management rights in detail, and maintain the stability of the contracting relationship. The certificates should be issued to farmers, and the villagers should be educated to properly Custody certificate of entitlement.

The second is to register special contracting relationships such as forest land. In forest land contracting, the relationship is complicated due to the rights to land use and the rights to trees on the land. If the registration system is not implemented, it is difficult to publicize the more complicated rights of the right holders, and its publicity is relatively general land contracting is more important. Our country implements a system that combines forestry contracting contracts with confirmation of rights and certificates. However, because the publicity effect of forest tenure certificates is not strong, although it can clarify the ownership of forest land contracting, it is difficult for third parties to know whether real rights and rights are established in the contracting relationship. Who is the person, and because there is no clear limit on the qualifications of the subject of forest land contracting, it is difficult for a third party to judge whether it has real rights to the contracted forest land from the identity of a member of a collective economic organization. If the formalities are not followed, it will be difficult for the transferee and the transferor to engage in normal transactions, and the transferee’s rights may be infringed.

Second, gradually establish and improve the non-litigation settlement mechanism for agricultural land disputes

Article 51 of the “Rural Land Contract Law” stipulates: In case of disputes arising from land contract management, both parties may resolve them through negotiation, or request the villagers’ committee, township (town) people’s government, etc. to mediate. If the parties are unwilling to negotiate or mediate, or if the negotiation and mediation fail, they may apply to the rural land contract arbitration institution for arbitration, or directly file a lawsuit in the people’s court. Accordingly, my country has established four mechanisms for dealing with land contract disputes: consultation, mediation, arbitration, and litigation. There are many ways to resolve disputes.

1. Focus on pre-litigation mediation. Because agricultural land disputes have certain family and geographical characteristics, grassroots people’s mediation organizations are the first first-level institutions to discover disputes, and they can timely grasp various case information. If the grassroots people’s mediation organizations can catch the conflicts at the beginning, grasp the small ones, and catch the symptoms, and try to resolve the conflicts in their infancy, they will be able to avoid causing larger disputes. At the same time, grass-roots mediators are more familiar with the parties to the dispute, and understand the characteristics of each dispute and the real cause of the dispute, which is conducive to mediation and the final execution after mediation. Therefore, grassroots people’s mediation organizations should strengthen mediation and guidance of disputes, give full play to the network advantages of people’s mediation work, and maintain social stability as the “first line of defense”, so as to resolve disputes as early as possible and thoroughly before litigation. The courts should carefully hear cases involving people’s mediation agreements, maintain agreements that meet the valid conditions in accordance with the law, and strive to do a good job in the connection between people’s mediation and litigation mediation mechanisms.

Second, we must strengthen the arbitration mechanism. In terms of geographical relationship, the arbitration institution is a grassroots organization at the township (town) level. Due to the community nature of the contracting relationship and the filing and supervision mechanism of the contracting plan, it is easier to obtain accurate information when dealing with contracting disputes, and the ruling is more enforceable and acceptable. It can reduce the litigation risk and confrontation of the parties, and is in line with the operational characteristics of the rural land contract relationship. Arbitration institutions for rural land contract disputes have been established in some areas of my country’s rural collective economic organizations and have carried out corresponding arbitration work. However, arbitration institutions in some areas have not yet been established. Commissions have not played a larger role in dispute resolution. Therefore, the city’s agricultural contract arbitration mechanism should be established and improved so that disputes can be resolved through arbitration as much as possible.

Third, the real right of the contracted management right of agricultural land

The right to contractual management of farmland is the result and legal manifestation of the separation of rural land ownership and use rights. The “Rural Land Contracting Law” protects the property rights of cultivated land, forest land and grassland contracted by households, and legalizes the rights and obligations; for other forms of contracting “four barren” and other lands, it is set by contract, mainly through bidding, auction and Negotiations are used to contract and creditor’s rights are protected.

The contract period must be established according to law. The real right to contracted management right requires the legal form to confirm the term of the right, making it a long-term and stable right. Although the “Rural Land Contract Law” stipulates the contract period of cultivated land, grassland and forest land respectively, the law can still only set the shortest or longest limit on the period of this right. The organic combination of intentions is not only beneficial to protect the interests of the contractor, but also can take into account the specific conditions in various rural areas and the actual requirements of both parties.

The content of the contractual management right must be legally stipulated. The law should confirm that the holder of the contracted management right has the right to independently decide on production, operation and disposal of products, and has the right to lease, subcontract, buy shares, exchange or transfer the contracted management right; the land contracted during the contract period shall be expropriated by the state or collectively used If the contract expires, it shall have the right to obtain corresponding compensation according to law; upon the expiration of the contract period, it shall have the priority contracting right. The obligations of the contractor mainly include: engage in production and management in accordance with the law or the contract (mainly referring to other forms of contracting), and not change the purpose of land use without authorization; pay relevant fees in accordance with the law and the contract; return of land etc.

It is necessary to legally lose the contractual management right. It should include: the expiry of the contracted management right period, the legal transfer of the contracted management right holder, the serious violation of the law by the contracted management right holder, and the state’s legal requisition of contracted management land and other statutory circumstances.