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「职业背债人」王小洪入局楼市接盘
300万，看到屏幕那头报出的价格，25岁的王小洪知道，自己翻身的机会来了。
贴吧里，一个陌生男人正向他介绍一个极具诱惑力的搞钱路子——有偿背债，债务不必还。不需要垫付任何资金，帮他“ 0 成本”从银行套取大额贷款。
男人自称“背债中介”，对方进一步介绍：由于王小洪名下没有任何资产，不好申请贷款，需要先帮他0首付贷款买套房，有了房，再申办任何贷款都不是问题。合适的房源已经准备好了，目前“房等人”，只要贷款一通过，五成王小洪拿走，到手最少 300 万。
那是去年年初，背债对王小洪来说还相当新鲜，但已在灰产圈长期存在，一些人为了几十万乃至上百万的报酬，愿意抛弃征信、长期背负债务。
过去几年，王小洪运气实在太背，本来开了四家烧烤店，遇上疫情都关了；后来炒虚拟币，不仅赔了全部身家，还欠朋友 60 万，每天睁眼最怕收到催债消息。
他急需一笔钱重启生意，做这个决定只花了一天。对方看了他的征信报告，确认符合条件后，第二天王小洪就带上身份证、户口本、银行卡从广州出发，前往江苏南通。
接待王小洪的是另一个陌生男人，王小洪后来喊他楚哥。楚哥看起来 30 岁出头，习惯穿Polo衫，是王小洪认为的“文化人的样子”。他告诉王小洪，自己之前在银行工作，现在出来单干，南通周边几个城市都有他的业务。
他口中的业务就是“助贷”。他告诉王小洪接下来最主要的任务，就是签房屋购买合同、办理住房按揭贷款。这方面王小洪没有任何经验，不过没关系，楚哥承诺全程操办，他给王小洪在当地定了宾馆，承担全程住宿费，每天还给他发 100 块生活费。对王小洪的要求只强调一点：不要多问，随叫随到。
王小洪在南通待了四个月，大部分时候扮演的是一个签字、按手印的“工具人”。房子是楚哥提前找好的，王小洪一次没看过，“售价210万、160平”他在签合同前几天才被告知。
办理贷款的是当地一家商业银行。王小洪记得很清楚，那天趁着午休时间人少，一名工作人员避开正门，领自己从员工通道进入。此时的王小洪不是作为一个长期无业、无收入者，而是一家劳务公司的区域经理，月薪1万8——这也是楚哥提前为他“包装”好的身份，还专门为他定制了盖有公章的工资流水单、收入证明。
王小洪记不清那些天到底签了多少份文件，他估计得有十几二十份，挨个递到面前来，他大致扫一眼，按指示直奔页脚，机械地按手印、签名。
很快房本到手，他名下也多了一笔债：160万的房贷。楚哥告诉他，这是赚钱的第一步。房子自己名下，贷款自己白拿，真有这么好的事吗？怀疑的念头出现过很多次，都被他压下去了。他太想赚快钱了。
相比王小洪“月入百万”的诱惑，黎策说自己成为“职业背债人”是无奈之举，三年前他爸中风瘫痪，他辞掉深圳的工作回到湖南老家照顾。这是一项长期战争，护理，治疗，病情稍有变化动一次手术花三四万，他积蓄一下全被掏空了。
和王小洪类似，从第一套房开始，接着装修贷、信用贷、企业贷，黎策最终背了300多万债务，据他说自己事后获得了100多万报酬。
但财富不是凭空而来，黎策没有能力偿还，后来上了征信黑名单，他成了一名“老赖”。
人生已经走到了最后阶段，39岁的晚期直肠癌患者邢宇不介意变成“老赖”，去年他也在网上找到背债中介，想“直接拉满”——只要能贷到的钱通通贷出来。很快他贷了第一笔88万，后来装修贷10万，20万个人信用贷，又一笔30万信用贷。
去年第一次在网上注意到这个行当时，邢宇就非常清楚这条路意味着什么——他的结局在五年前第一次确诊时就注定了：那时医生告诉他，肿瘤太大，治愈希望渺茫。“没准过两年人就没了。”他想在生命的最后阶段活得再轻松、肆意一点儿。他喜欢旅游，那就往天南海北走一走；他到现在还是独身一人，他想如果将来有机会遇见另一半，也能给对方、给挂念的亲人留笔钱。
邢宇说，当职业背债人之前，他从不用花呗和借呗，连一张信用卡都没有。不到半年，他已经背负了超过150 万的债务，而这个数字，在越来越膨胀的欲望前，还远远不够。
很多背债人注意到这个行业最初都是被中介的招揽消息吸引。“全国大量收长线精养客户，融资200到1000万”“三包（包吃、包住、包下款）”……黎策背债的同时也成为了一名中介。逾期成为黑户后，再找工作没那么容易，他干脆利用自己的经验和人脉，也做起了“助贷”生意，除了有偿帮本地生意人办理贷款，平时还活跃在各个社交平台“拉人头”。
“最好没贷过款，没有办过信用卡，征信干净，查询记录越少越好”，这是黎策找人时的首选目标，他们也被称为“白户”。接下来专门的操作团队为“白户”们包装一个“光鲜亮丽”的身份，购买房产、缴纳社保、代发工资流水等，他们就一跃成了握有房产的优质客户，方便申请各种贷款。
圈内通常把这称为“一次性买卖”，黎策说，“反正以后不打算还，（背债人）一辈子可能跟银行只打一次交道，能搞多少钱就搞多少。”
找到愿意合作的背债人后，黎策会统一安排他们到宾馆，以应对放贷平台线上线下的审核，接下来是一个长期过程：“房到手后申请装修贷，运气好的话能做两三笔；再申请个人信用贷；买营业执照、刷流水、搞空壳公司，企业税贷也能做两笔，额度一般有上百万元。”黎策会给每个客户介绍这个理想方案。
大多中介都会在事前承诺为背债人“0首付”购房。实际上，这笔首付通常由操作方先垫付，然后和房东商量让对方配合做高房屋总价，如果操作得当，这个环节也能获得不菲的利益。
以王小洪的情况为例，他买下的房产成交价210万，事后他跟多位中介打听，得知市场价在110万左右——这是楚哥所在团队运作的结果，对方也跟王小洪承认，除去各项垫资，提高估价让他们团队净获利润30多万元。这笔钱王小洪没有任何分成，楚哥的解释是都用来“打点关系”了。
“各个环节都要拿钱”，作为中介的黎策介绍说。背债中介“拉人头”；房产中介找房；贷款中介负责包装背债人的资质和财务状况；当然，还有银行工作人员的配合房屋评估报告、完成贷款审批。
背债生意背后有一条完整的产业链。按照行规，事成后整个操作团队会和背债人四六或平分，但黎策也说，“如果遇到黑的（团队），背债人分一两成都有”。
这方面邢宇或许是走运的。装修贷和信用贷下款后，他拿到了六成分红，共计三十多万元，他说自己甚至主动让给了对方两万，“我让他们拿去好好弄企业贷”。那是他的主要目标，顺利的话能贷出上百万。
黎策这样的中介通常能抽成10%，“三年不开张，开张吃三年”。他说自己去年手上成了两单，一个癌症客户看病需要钱；另一个男孩 28 岁，目前都顺利下放了第一笔装修贷。如果能按计划走完全程，黎策估计能拿到七八十万提成。但他现在很担心那位癌症客户能不能撑到程序走完，“（如果）挂了肯定就没钱了。”
当把可能申领的贷款产品办完，黎策说，操作团队通常会另外扣除一部分费用为背债人还半年到一年月供，“一期都不还很容易被认定骗贷”。规避骗贷风险后，团队彻底抽身，也意味着那时所有的风险和压力，都将由背债人承担。
当初黎策背债逾期后，催收电话最密集时连着轰炸了他一个多月。他提前准备好了一套话术，咬死不承认骗贷，“承认就违法了”，谎称自己是做生意亏了没钱。因为上了征信黑名单，他再也不能坐高铁、飞机，于是买了一辆车，挂在亲戚名下。在线支付也全面停用，每次出门他都会在车上准备足够的现金。
这些作为过来人的经验，黎策不忘教给他如今的客户们。“（拿到钱）你可以买房买车，千万不要那么快挥霍掉”，也可以说这是一种自保措施，黎策担心一旦钱花光了，他们很可能扛不住催收承认骗贷。而且如果“一个人手上还有好几百万没花完，银行再怎么轰炸，他也舍不得承认的对不对？”
王小洪一直在等待第一笔救急钱。买完房后，楚哥收走了房本，准备用房产作二次抵押申请其他贷款。在南通的宾馆里住了四个月，他等来的却是装修贷申请失败的消息。
背上160万债务没分到一笔现金，王小洪找到楚哥对质，没成想对方反问他，“你是没拿到钱，但房子不是在你名下吗？那不是钱吗？”
王小洪确实考虑过，他算了一笔账：房价高于市价一百多万，就算能转手也免不了亏损；但如果断供，房子以低价被法拍，差价和违约金这个大窟窿，还得自己来填。他发现自己陷入了一个死局。
背债人池正德比王小洪更倒霉，抱着套取贷款的想法，去年年底，他经网上中介在沈阳买下一套别墅，后来装修贷申请被拒，帮他操办的中介也消失了。购房前他不被允许看房，事后他发现买下的竟是一套“问题房”。
贷款中介嘴里精装修、赠送加盖层的别墅，事实上是纯毛坯，也没有加盖层。他跟小区的房产中介打听，对方一看照片就立马认出来，这是小区一套滞销多年的房，“排水存在问题，租都难租。”中介还告诉他，他买下的价格比市场价高出近百万。
池正德选择报警，但流程和手续看似完善，“警方说我这个属于合法买卖的性质，不好立案，是民事纠纷”。
广东广强律师事务所律师曾杰长期专注金融犯罪领域，他分析，该类案件中，中介帮助“背债人”虚构身份信息、制造虚假流水、高估房产价值等行为明显违法，而且没有偿还的打算和意愿，至少涉嫌诈骗罪、骗取贷款罪和贷款诈骗罪三个罪名。他建议受害者前往专门的经侦部门报案。
同时，曾杰也强调，背债人也是共同行骗人，“他们提供了自己的身份，利用虚假身份骗取贷款，并从中获利。如果银行内部人员配合也涉嫌违法发放贷款罪。”
曾杰介绍，“职业背债人”现象早前主要存在于个人信用贷领域，骗贷团伙常挑选住在偏远山区、征信没问题的农民，为其包装骗取银行贷款；裁判文书网上，也有多起利用背债人骗取车贷的案件。但背债人入局楼市，曾杰也是近几年才收到相关咨询。
有专家分析，楼市“职业背债人”出现的深层次原因，一定程度上是房地产市场持续低迷的产物。河南理工大学财经学院副教授郭明杰曾在《透过“背债人”现象探析房地产行业调控的逻辑》中指出，当房产市值低于债务余额时，房子就会出现有价无市的局面，市场自发形成了“房奴”、“职业背债人”与中介之间潜在的交易模式，套取利益。
去年上海破获了全国首例房贷诈骗案，抓捕了34人的犯罪团伙，其中披露的房屋买卖细节，也从源头揭示了这类交易链条的形成和运作。该团伙内部分工明确，首脑首先通过各地熟识的中介寻找“职业背债人”，再通过房产中介来匹配相应的房东，他们会选取一些面积大均价低的房产，方便做高房价，这类房屋因为出售困难，房东也愿意配合。
用上述手段，他们在上海一小区完成了11套房产交易，根据犯罪嫌疑人交代，除了做假材料，他们还买通了银行工作人员，让其违规配合房屋的高评估，房贷获利一部分之后，再利用“背债人”申请多张信用卡套现，涉案金额达6000万余元。最后团伙层层提取利益，能分到这些背债人手上的往往只有五千到一万元。
去年12月，发表于《中国经贸导刊》的文章也指出，随着“职业背债人”批量出现，住房债务风险被“合规”转嫁给毫无抵御风险能力的低收入人群或专门机构，将很大程度加大房地产金融风险。而且当大批职业背债人断供，引发房地产市场信用危机，为这个后果买单的，或许是那些真实的交易买方。
王小洪后悔自己没有尽早收手。回顾整个背债过程，他觉得又好气又好笑，“我怎么会傻到做这种事情？”
他曾有机会中止这场骗局。那是在下款前，当时他已经在银行完成了最后的贷款申请确认、办完过户手续，回到宾馆越想越不对劲。立即去了趟网吧，仔细检索了所有和背债相关的信息，意识到这背后可能的陷阱。
那天他一宿没睡，越想越害怕，担心一场空，更担心坐牢。后来几乎以乞求的姿态找到楚哥，“你放过我，来回的机票钱、房租我都可以还给你，我不想再做下去了！”其实如果他再坚定些，只需要给银行一个电话，立即中止贷款下款，也就不会有后面这些麻烦事了。
他最终没有拨打那个电话，决定继续冒险，除了几句利诱的话，更重要的，他觉得这是当时自己唯一能抓住的翻身机会。他是甘肃农村长大的孩子，父母当建筑工人、打了一辈子工，到现在连城里一套房都买不起。他不想重复他们的老路。
他喜欢赚快钱。小学毕业后他就进社会闯荡，早几年学会了挖掘网站漏洞“黑吃黑”，一次能赚好几万。一旦体验过那滋味后就很难回头了，这几年他不停折腾，不管是做生意、炒币，还是选择当背债人，都始终坚持这个想法：“只要找准方法，钱是非常好赚的。”
可现在，他所有期待都成了泡影，债务更重，翻身希望渺茫。和楚哥闹僵后，他在网上发帖曝光，“聊了几十个人了，没一个说拿到钱。”
他想过报警，律师也提醒他，要证明这个看似“合规”的程序违法，他需要掌握足够有力的证据。王小洪觉得“难度太大了”，他始终记得，之前每次和楚哥见面，对方车上总放着一本《刑法》，几乎被翻旧了，“他们是仔细研究过法律漏洞的。”
王小洪最后决定用自己的方式解决。他托朋友查清了楚哥的来历，包括姓名，家庭住址和家人信息，以此作要挟，要求对方帮自己把房子转手，“不然你到哪我都能找到。”
目前看来，这个办法确实让对方做出了妥协。考虑到房屋两年内转手有不小的税费，楚哥跟他约定，两年后，他会帮王小洪找到下一个“接盘者”。在这之前，房贷由楚哥偿还。
每个月初，王小洪都会提醒对方把7000多月供打进卡里，“今天1号，5点之前”，多余的话他不多说。对方也配合打款。
到现在，房子砸手里已经一年多，前不久王小洪结婚了，办了婚礼，一直没领证。“等他把这房子出掉，我再办结婚证生小孩。”王小洪愤愤地说。其实他心里也很忐忑，跟他同期背债的很多人已经断供了。他担心有一天楚哥也会一脚把自己踢开。
中介黎策也在考虑“回头”的可能。他快四十了，有车有房又有钱，现在想结婚成家，但在老家各个婚介所都报了名，好长时间都没结果。
担心自己“老赖”的身份会成为阻碍，他决心“要赚足够多的钱”，未来慢慢把债还了，“洗白”身份。
只不过他赚钱的方式仍是通过收割“背债人”。除了“拉人头”，社交平台上一些受骗者也成了他的目标，他试图把他们发展成下线，“如果你有朋友想做（背债），介绍过来，赚的钱就可以把你自己解套了。”
或许只有不考虑未来的人才无所顾忌，癌症患者刑宇仍打算冒着风险继续尝试。邢宇说，刚患癌那几年自己特别悲观，害怕明天，送走了当时养的四只猫。但武汉疫情亲历了身边人的离世后，他开始对生死变得坦然，也是那年他决定放弃治疗，“化疗太痛苦了”。
利用背债到手的三十多万现金，他正在重新设计自己的生活。彻底放弃工作，又买了两只猫陪自己。隔三岔五他会一个人出去走走，去南京爬山，去寺庙还愿；饮食上也不再忌惮，烟、酒、想吃的美食都点上，绝不亏待自己。
稍不如意的是，他原本很自信能等到企业贷下款，现在也遇到了麻烦。为此，今年年初他跟中介红了脸，“钱我出了，腿我也跑了，你就是在糊弄我！”他甚至提到了自首，“如果你骗我，大家就一起坐牢！”
邢宇承认，自首多少是气话。中介说6 个月内能争取第一笔企业贷下款，他打算再等等，如果不行，他会尝试联系其他中介。
“我现在已经没办法回头了，只能往前走。”邢宇说。
（除池正德外，文中讲述者均为化名）
英文翻译
“Professional debtor” Wang Xiaohong enters the property market to take over deals
3 million. Seeing the price reported on the other side of the screen, 25-year-old Wang Xiaohong knew that his chance to make a comeback had come.
In the post forum, a strange man was introducing him to a very tempting way to make money – taking on debts without having to repay them. There is no need to advance any funds and help him obtain a large loan from the bank at “zero cost”.
The man claimed to be a “debt agent” and the other party further introduced: Since Wang Xiaohong does not have any assets in his name, it is difficult to apply for a loan. He needs to help him buy a house with a 0 down payment loan. Once he has a house, it will not be a problem to apply for any loan. Suitable housing has been prepared, and currently “houses are waiting for people”. As soon as the loan is approved, Wang Xiaohong will take 50% of it, and he will get at least 3 million.
That was early last year. Carrying debt was still quite new to Wang Xiaohong, but it had existed in the gray industry circle for a long time. Some people were willing to abandon credit reporting and bear debt for a long time in order to receive hundreds of thousands or even millions of rewards.
In the past few years, Wang Xiaohong has been really unlucky. He originally opened four barbecue restaurants, but they were all closed when the epidemic hit. Later, he not only lost all his wealth by speculating in virtual currency, but also owed 600,000 to his friends. Every day he opened his eyes and was most afraid of receiving reminders. Debt news.
He urgently needed money to restart his business, and it only took him one day to make this decision. After the other party read his credit report and confirmed that he met the conditions, Wang Xiaohong took his ID card, household register, and bank card and set off from Guangzhou to Nantong, Jiangsu Province the next day.
The person who received Wang Xiaohong was another strange man. Wang Xiaohong later called him Brother Chu. Brother Chu looks to be in his early 30s and is used to wearing Polo shirts. He has what Wang Xiaohong considers to be a “cultured person look.” He told Wang Xiaohong that he used to work in a bank, but now he is working alone. He has business in several cities around Nantong.
The business he calls is “loan assistance.” He told Wang Xiaohong that the next most important task was to sign a house purchase contract and apply for a housing mortgage loan. Wang Xiaohong didn’t have any experience in this area, but it didn’t matter. Brother Chu promised to take care of the whole process. He booked a hotel for Wang Xiaohong in the local area, paid for the entire accommodation, and paid him 100 yuan for living expenses every day. I only emphasize one point of Wang Xiaohong’s request: don’t ask too many questions and be available when called.
Wang Xiaohong stayed in Nantong for four months. Most of the time he played the role of a “tool man” who signed signatures and pressed fingerprints. Brother Chu had found the house in advance. Wang Xiaohong had never seen it once. He was only informed a few days before signing the contract that “the price is 2.1 million, 160 square meters.”
The loan was issued by a local commercial bank. Wang Xiaohong remembers clearly that there were few people during the lunch break that day. A staff member avoided the main entrance and led him in through the employee passage. At this time, Wang Xiaohong was not a long-term unemployed person with no income, but a regional manager of a labor service company with a monthly salary of 18,000. This was also the identity that Brother Chu had “packaged” for him in advance, and also customized a cover specially for him. Wage slip and income certificate with official seal.
Wang Xiaohong couldn’t remember how many documents he signed in those days. He estimated that there were more than ten or twenty documents. They were handed to him one by one. He glanced at them briefly, followed the instructions and went straight to the footer, where he mechanically pressed his fingerprints and signed his name.
Soon after he got the house capital, he also had an additional debt in his name: a mortgage of 1.6 million yuan. Brother Chu told him that this was the first step to making money. Is it really such a good thing to own the house in my own name and get the loan for free? Thoughts of doubt appeared many times, but he suppressed them all. He wants to make quick money too much.
Compared with Wang Xiaohong’s temptation of “making millions a month”, Li Ce said that he had no choice but to become a “professional debtor”. Three years ago, his father suffered a stroke and was paralyzed. He quit his job in Shenzhen and returned to his hometown in Hunan to take care of him. This is a long-term war. Nursing, treatment, and an operation if the condition changes slightly will cost 30,000 to 40,000 yuan, and all his savings will be wiped out.
Similar to Wang Xiaohong, Li Ce started with his first house, followed by renovation loans, credit loans, and corporate loans, and eventually took on more than 3 million yuan in debt. According to him, he received more than 1 million yuan in remuneration afterwards.
But wealth did not come out of thin air, and Li Ce was unable to repay it. Later, he was put on the credit blacklist, and he became an “old man.”
Life has reached its final stage. Xing Yu, a 39-year-old patient with advanced rectal cancer, doesn’t mind becoming a “laodai”. Last year, he also found a debt-bearing agency online and wanted to “pay it off directly” – as long as he could get a loan with all the money. loaned out. Soon he took out the first loan of 880,000, then a decoration loan of 100,000, a personal credit loan of 200,000, and another credit loan of 300,000.
When he first noticed the industry online last year, Xing Yu knew exactly what this path meant—his fate was doomed when he was first diagnosed five years ago: The doctor told him at that time that the tumor was too big , there is little hope for a cure. “Maybe there will be no more people in two years.” He wanted to live a more relaxed and wanton life in the last stage of his life. He likes to travel, so go all over the world; he is still single now, and he thinks that if he has the opportunity to meet his partner in the future, he can also leave money to him and to his relatives who miss him.
Xing Yu said that before becoming a professional debtor, he never had to spend money or borrow money, and he didn’t even have a credit card. In less than half a year, he had already incurred more than 1.5 million in debt, and this number was far from enough in front of his increasingly expanding desires.
Many debtors have noticed that this industry is initially attracted by solicitation messages from intermediaries. “A large number of long-term intensive breeding customers have been acquired across the country, and financing of 2 to 10 million” and “three guarantees (food, accommodation, and payment)”… Li Ce also became an intermediary while taking on debts. After becoming a bankrupt overdue, it was not easy to find a job. He simply used his experience and connections to start a “loan assistance” business. In addition to helping local businessmen apply for loans for a fee, he was also active on various social platforms to “get people”. “.
“It’s best to have no loans, no credit cards, clean credit, and as few inquiry records as possible.” This is Li Ce’s first choice when looking for people. They are also called “white households.” Next, a dedicated operation team packaged a “glorious” identity for the “white households”, purchased real estate, paid social security, paid wages, etc., and they suddenly became high-quality customers with real estate, making it easy to apply for various applications. loan.
This is usually called a “one-time transaction” in the industry. Li Ce said, “Anyway, I don’t plan to pay it back in the future. (The debtor) may only deal with the bank once in his life, and he can make as much money as he can.”
After finding debtors who are willing to cooperate, Li Ce will arrange for them to go to the hotel in order to cope with the online and offline review of the lending platform. What follows is a long-term process: “After you get the house, apply for a decoration loan. If you are lucky, you can do two or three Then apply for a personal credit loan; buy a business license, increase the turnover, set up a shell company, and you can also do two corporate tax loans, usually with a limit of millions of yuan.” Li Ce will introduce this ideal plan to each customer.
Most intermediaries will promise in advance to buy a house for the debtor with “zero down payment”. In fact, the down payment is usually advanced by the operator first, and then negotiates with the landlord to ask the other party to cooperate in raising the total price of the house. If done properly, this link can also yield considerable benefits.
Take Wang Xiaohong’s case as an example. The real estate he bought was sold for 2.1 million. Afterwards, he inquired with several intermediaries and learned that the market price was around 1.1 million. This was the result of the operation of Brother Chu’s team, and the other party also admitted to Wang Xiaohong. , excluding various advance funds and raising the valuation, their team made a net profit of more than 300,000 yuan. Wang Xiaohong didn’t get any share of the money. Brother Chu’s explanation was that it was all used to “manage relationships.”
“Every link requires money,” said Li Ce, an intermediary. The debt-bearing intermediary “pulls people”; the real estate agent searches for a house; the loan intermediary is responsible for packaging the debtor’s qualifications and financial status; of course, there are also bank staff who cooperate with the housing evaluation report and complete the loan approval.
There is a complete industrial chain behind the debt-carrying business. According to industry regulations, after the incident is completed, the entire operation team will split 40%, 60% or evenly with the debtor, but Li Ce also said, “If you encounter a black (team), the debtor will get 10% or 20%.”
Xing Yu may be lucky in this regard. After disbursing the decoration loan and credit loan, he received a 60% dividend, totaling more than 300,000 yuan. He said that he even voluntarily gave the other party 20,000 yuan, “I asked them to use it to make a good business loan.” That was his main goal, and if it went well, he could lend out millions.
Intermediaries like Li Ce usually get a 10% commission, “If you don’t open for three years, you will have to wait for three years if you open.” He said that he had two deals in hand last year. A cancer client needed money for medical treatment; the other was a 28-year-old boy who had successfully received his first renovation loan. If he can complete the journey as planned, Li Ce estimates that he will receive a commission of 700,000 to 800,000 yuan. But now he is very worried about whether the cancer client can survive until the procedure is completed. “(If) he fails, he will definitely lose his money.”
After completing the loan products that may be applied for, Li Ce said that the operation team usually deducts an additional fee to pay the debtor’s monthly payment for six months to one year. “If you fail to repay in one installment, you will easily be identified as a fraudulent loan.” After avoiding the risk of loan fraud, the team completely withdraws, which also means that all risks and pressures at that time will be borne by the debtor.
When Li Ce’s debts were overdue, he was bombarded with collection calls for more than a month. He prepared a set of words in advance and refused to admit that he had defrauded the loan. “It would be illegal to admit it,” and he lied that he had lost money in business. Because he was on the credit blacklist, he could no longer take the high-speed rail or plane, so he bought a car and put it in the name of a relative. Online payments are also completely disabled, and he always prepares enough cash in the car every time he goes out.
Li Ce never forgets to teach his current customers these experiences as someone who has been there. “(With the money) you can buy a house or a car, but don’t squander it so quickly.” It can also be said that this is a self-protection measure. Li Ce is worried that once the money is spent, they may not be able to withstand the collection and admit to fraud. loan. And if “a person still has millions that he has not spent all, no matter how many banks bombard them, he will not be willing to admit it, right?”
Wang Xiaohong has been waiting for the first emergency money. After buying the house, Brother Chu took away the property and prepared to use the property as a second mortgage to apply for other loans. After living in a hotel in Nantong for four months, what he was waiting for was the news that his application for a renovation loan had failed.
Carrying a debt of 1.6 million yuan but not receiving any cash, Wang Xiaohong confronted Brother Chu. Unexpectedly, the other party asked him, “You didn’t get the money, but isn’t the house in your name? Isn’t that money?”
Wang Xiaohong did think about it, and he made a calculation: the house price is more than one million yuan higher than the market price, and even if it can be resold, there will be a loss; but if the supply is cut off, the house will be foreclosed at a low price, and the price difference and liquidated damages will still be a big hole. You have to fill it out yourself. He found himself in a dead end.
The debtor Chi Zhengde was even more unlucky than Wang Xiaohong. With the idea of getting a loan, he bought a villa in Shenyang through an online agency at the end of last year. Later, his application for a renovation loan was rejected, and the agency that helped him disappeared. He was not allowed to view the house before buying it. Afterward, he discovered that what he bought was a “problem house.”
The loan intermediary claims that the villas are fully decorated and come with a complimentary cover, but in fact they are pure rough materials and have no cover. He inquired with the real estate agent in the community, and the other person immediately recognized it when he saw the photo. It was a house in the community that had been unsold for many years. “There were drainage problems, making it difficult to rent.” The agent also told him that the price he paid for it was higher than the market price. The price is nearly a million higher.
Chi Zhengde chose to call the police, but the process and procedures seemed to be complete. “The police said that this was a legal transaction and it was not easy to file a case. It was a civil dispute.”
Zeng Jie, a lawyer at Guangdong Guangqiang Law Firm, has long been focused on the field of financial crimes. He analyzed that in this type of case, the intermediary helps the “debtor” to fabricate identity information, create false statements, overestimate the value of the property, etc. It is obviously illegal, and there is no repayment. He is suspected of at least three crimes: fraud, loan fraud and loan fraud. He suggested that victims go to the specialized economic investigation department to report the crime.
At the same time, Zeng Jie also emphasized that the debtors were also co-conspirators. “They provided their identities, used false identities to defraud loans, and profited from it. If bank insiders cooperate, they are also suspected of illegally granting loans.”
Zeng Jie introduced that the phenomenon of “professional debtors” mainly existed in the field of personal credit loans in the early days. Loan fraud gangs often selected farmers who lived in remote mountainous areas and had no problem with their credit reports, and packaged them to defraud bank loans; online judgment documents, there are also There have been many cases of using debtors to defraud car loans. However, debtors have entered the property market, and Zeng Jie has only received relevant inquiries in recent years.
Some experts have analyzed that the underlying reason for the emergence of “professional debtors” in the property market is, to a certain extent, the product of the continued downturn in the real estate market. Guo Mingjie, associate professor at the School of Finance and Economics at Henan University of Science and Technology, once pointed out in “Analysis of the Logic of Real Estate Industry Regulation through the “Debtor” Phenomenon” that when the market value of the property is lower than the debt balance, the house will have a price but no market situation, and the market will spontaneously A potential transaction model has been formed between “housing slaves”, “professional debtors” and intermediaries to obtain profits.
Last year, Shanghai cracked the country’s first mortgage fraud case and arrested a criminal gang of 34 people. The details of the house sales disclosed in it also revealed the formation and operation of this type of transaction chain from the source. The division of labor within the gang is clear. The leader first searches for “professional debtors” through familiar intermediaries in various places, and then uses real estate agencies to match corresponding landlords. They will select some properties with large areas and low average prices to facilitate raising housing prices. Since the house is difficult to sell, the landlord is willing to cooperate.
Using the above methods, they completed 11 real estate transactions in a community in Shanghai. According to the criminal suspects, in addition to making fake materials, they also bribed bank staff to cooperate with the high appraisal of the houses in violation of regulations. After making part of the profit from the mortgage, Then he used the “debtor” to apply for multiple credit cards to cash out, and the amount involved amounted to more than 60 million yuan. In the end, the gang extracts benefits step by step, and often only 5,000 to 10,000 yuan can be distributed to these debtors.
In December last year, an article published in “China Economic and Trade Tribune” also pointed out that with the emergence of “professional debtors” in large numbers, housing debt risks are “compliance” transferred to low-income groups or specialized institutions that have no ability to resist risks. , will greatly increase real estate financial risks. And when a large number of professional debtors cut off their payments, triggering a credit crisis in the real estate market, it may be the actual buyers who pay for the consequences.
Wang Xiaohong regretted that he did not stop as soon as possible. Looking back on the entire debt-taking process, he felt angry and funny, “How could I be stupid enough to do such a thing?”
He had a chance to stop the scam. That was before the payment was made. At that time, he had completed the final loan application confirmation and completed the transfer procedures at the bank. When he returned to the hotel, the more he thought about it, the more something was wrong. I immediately went to an Internet cafe and carefully searched all the information related to debt, realizing the possible trap behind it.
He didn’t sleep all night that day. The more he thought about it, the more frightened he became. He was worried that it would be in vain and even more worried about going to jail. Later, he approached Brother Chu in an almost begging manner, “If you let me go, I can pay you back the round-trip air tickets and rent. I don’t want to do this anymore!” In fact, if he was more determined, he only needed to give the bank a phone call. , immediately suspend the loan disbursement, and there will be no further troubles.
In the end, he did not make that call and decided to continue taking risks. Apart from a few tempting words, more importantly, he felt that this was the only opportunity he could seize to turn around at the time. He grew up in rural Gansu. His parents worked as construction workers all their lives, but now they can’t even afford a house in the city. He didn’t want to repeat their old ways.
He likes to make quick money. After graduating from elementary school, he entered the society and learned how to exploit website loopholes in the early years, earning tens of thousands at a time. Once you experience that feeling, it is difficult to look back. In the past few years, he has been struggling, whether it is doing business, speculating in currencies, or choosing to be a professional.
Debtors always insist on this idea: “As long as you find the right method, money is very easy to make.”
But now, all his expectations have come to nothing, the debt is heavier, and there is little hope of turning around. After the quarrel with Brother Chu, he posted on the Internet to expose it, “I have talked to dozens of people, and no one said they got money.”
He thought about calling the police, but his lawyer reminded him that to prove that this seemingly “compliant” procedure was illegal, he needed to have enough strong evidence. Wang Xiaohong felt that “it was too difficult.” He always remembered that every time he met Brother Chu before, there was always a copy of the “Criminal Law” in the other person’s car, which was almost out of date. “They have carefully studied the loopholes in the law.”
Wang Xiaohong finally decided to solve the problem in his own way. He asked a friend to find out Brother Chu’s origins, including his name, home address and family information, and used this as a threat to ask the other party to help him sell the house, “otherwise I can find you wherever you go.”
At present, it seems that this method does allow the other party to make a compromise. Considering that there would be considerable taxes and fees when the house was resold within two years, Brother Chu made an agreement with him that after two years, he would help Wang Xiaohong find the next “successor.” Before that, the mortgage was repaid by Brother Chu.
At the beginning of every month, Wang Xiaohong would remind the other party to put more than 7,000 monthly payment into the card, “Today is the 1st, before 5 o’clock”, and he would not say any more unnecessary words. The other party also cooperated with the payment.
It has been more than a year since the house was lost. Not long ago, Wang Xiaohong got married and held a wedding ceremony, but he has not received the certificate. “When he sells out this house, I will apply for a marriage certificate and have children.” Wang Xiaohong said angrily. In fact, he was also very worried. Many people who were in debt at the same time as him had stopped paying. He was worried that Brother Chu would kick him away one day.
Intermediary Li Ce is also considering the possibility of “turning back”. He is almost forty, has a car, a house, and money. Now he wants to get married and start a family. However, he has signed up at various dating agencies in his hometown, but no results have come out for a long time.
Worried that his status as a “laodai” would be an obstacle, he determined to “make enough money” and slowly pay off his debts in the future to “clear up” his identity.
But the way he makes money is still by harvesting “debt debtors”. In addition to “pulling people’s heads”, some deceived people on social platforms have also become his targets. He tries to develop them into downlines. “If you have a friend who wants to do it (take on debt), introduce him to them, and the money you earn can make you Untied yourself.”
Perhaps only those who don’t think about the future have no scruples. Cancer patient Xing Yu still plans to take the risk and continue trying. Xing Yu said that he was particularly pessimistic in the years after he was diagnosed with cancer and was afraid of tomorrow, so he gave away the four cats he had at that time. But after witnessing the death of people around him during the Wuhan epidemic, he began to become calm about life and death. It was also that year that he decided to give up treatment because “chemotherapy was too painful.”
Using more than 300,000 yuan in cash from debt, he is redesigning his life. I gave up my job completely and bought two cats to accompany me. Every once in a while, he would go out for a walk alone, go hiking in Nanjing, and go to temples to fulfill his vows. He was no longer scrupulous about food, and would order cigarettes, wine, and all the delicacies he wanted, without treating himself badly.
What’s slightly disappointing is that he was originally confident that he could wait until the company got a loan, but now he is in trouble. For this reason, at the beginning of this year, he became embarrassed when he told the agent, “I gave away my money and my legs. You are just fooling me!” He even mentioned surrendering, “If you lie to me, we will all go to jail together!”
Xing Yu admitted that surrendering was somewhat of an angry talk. The intermediary said that he could get the first business loan within 6 months. He planned to wait. If not, he would try to contact other intermediaries.
“I can’t turn back now, I can only move forward.” Xing Yu said.
(Except for Chi Zhengde, the narrators in this article are all pseudonyms)