全球最大的HR如何工作—中组部解密
中组部的办公楼不挂任何招牌，办公电话没有列入公开的电话簿，从楼里打出的电话不显示来电号码，只有一连串的零……这个中共执政系统中最核心、外界眼中最神秘的机构之一，这个全球最大的超级HR，是如何运作的。
在离中南海不足一公里的北京西长安街南侧，坐落着一幢没有任何标志的大楼。
大楼坐北朝南，与东西两侧的配楼、南侧的门楼合围成一座三合院式的封闭院落。院内的中央绿地、东西两侧的下沉式庭院以及周边宽阔的绿化带，共同营造出一种宁静氛围。为了烘托这种宁静，建筑师甚至在南门楼顶部设计了一个在北方很少见的屋顶花园。整组建筑，与西长安街对面繁华、喧嚣的西单商圈形成了强烈的反差。
这里，就是中共中央组织部(简称中组部)的所在地。
作为这座曾获得中国建筑工程最高奖——鲁班奖的建筑的设计者之一，华东建筑设计研究院总建筑师汪孝安曾将业主的设计要求概括为：“民族风格与现代风格相结合，庄重、实用、不豪华。”在楼内办公的中组部又何尝不是这样?
作为几乎与中共同时诞生的部门，中组部在过去90年间，形成了一套完整、严密的工作体系以及独特的文化氛围，成为中共执政必不可少的核心机构。但同时，随着时代的发展，它又处于一个巨大的变革之中，面临着前所未有的挑战。
有人将中组部比作全球最大的HR(人力资源部)，管理着全国8000多万党员、大约60万党政领导干部。但这项工作的复杂性和不确定性，显然是跨国公司的HR无法想象的。
干部职务名单制的建立
中组部虽然成立很早，但正规的工作业务和工作秩序，一直到解放战争时期才建立起来，而真正成型，则要推迟到解放后的50年代。
1948年10月，毛泽东给当时的中组部部长彭真写信，要求中组部应给各中央局、分局组织部门发一个通知，规定请示报告制度，并不断督催，以建立起中组部的业务。11月，中组部发布了《关于组织部门业务与报告请示制度的通知》，在彭真的领导下，由安子文具体负责，开始大力建设中组部的机构和业务。
建国以后，时任中组部常务副部长的安子文，向毛泽东和刘少奇建议，“拟仿照苏共的干部职务名单制的办法”，建立中国的干部管理制度。按照这套办法，党、政和社会团体中，所有重要职务以及任职干部都必须登记在册;调动任免时，需根据名单，对干部进行预先审查、选拔推荐、批准任命。
1952年，刘少奇在中国共产党第一次全国组织工作会议上说：“从最初级到最高级的干部，每个人都要有一定的机关来管理。这个制度，我们称之为干部职务名单制。”
1955年1月，中共颁布了第一份干部名单——《中共中央管理的干部职务名称表》。这份名单囊括了当时地厅级以上所有干部，全部交由中组部直接负责管理。在组织系统内部，这些干部被统称为“中管干部”。
从1955年9月开始，各个省和部委仿效中央，制定了各自管理的干部职务名称表。全国逐步建立起了由中央和各级党委领导、中组部和各级组织部统一管理的分部分级管理干部的制度。
一位曾在中组部工作多年的干部对《中国新闻周刊》记者说，简单讲，中国的干部管理体制就是两条，第一条是“党管干部”，第二条是“职务名单表”。各级组织部按“权限”，管理自己“名单”上的干部。“直到今天，这套制度基本没有大的改变。”
下管两级到下管一级
过去几十年间，“名单”的范围进行过几次大的调整。
1984年，中央决定各级党委对干部的管理由原来的“下管两级”调整为“下管一级”。中组部原部长张全景对《中国新闻周刊》记者说：“除了省部级干部外，本来地厅级、司局级干部也归中组部管，当时把这个权力下放给了地方。这样，中组部就只管省部级干部了。”
随着这次调整，中组部负责管理的“中管干部”人数由13000多，缩减到4200多，担子一下轻了很多。
据当时中组部的一位工作人员回忆，“文革”后经过拨乱反正，大批老干部恢复了工作，但当时还没有建立起正常的干部离退休制度，干部数量增长过快，以致各级组织部门不堪重负。中组部统计显示，80年代初国务院26个部委的司局级干部已达到1415名，比刚解放时翻了几倍。
这位工作人员对《中国新闻周刊》记者说，建国初，各部委司局级以上的干部开会，一个怀仁堂就可以全坐下。等到打倒“四人帮”，开会就不得不去人民大会堂了。
1984年之后，“中管干部”的名单又经历过几次调整。期间，中组部一度曾将下放的权力收回，以遏制地方提拔干部失控的局面。80年代末，各级组织部门的管理权限开始步入常态，并延续至今。
关于现在中组部的职能范围，英国《金融时报》曾做过这样一个对比。
美国通用公司是目前全球员工最多的公司，它拥有75万名直属雇员，这个数字超过美国海军和海军陆战队的人数之和。此外，还有50万名经销商和150万左右的厂商雇员靠它吃饭。但与中组部相比，通用公司HR的管理范围不值一提。
为了让外国读者了解中组部的职能范围，文章假想在华盛顿有一个类似的部门。那么它所负责的人事任命将包括：美国各州的州长和副州长，各大城市的市长，联邦监管机构负责人，通用电气、埃克森美孚、沃尔玛及其他50来家最大公司的首席执行官，《纽约时报》《华尔街日报》和《华盛顿邮报》的总编辑，各电视广播公司和有线电视台的老板，耶鲁、哈佛及其他重点大学的校长，以及布鲁金斯学会和美国传统基金会等智库的领导。
后备干部
在建立干部职务名单制之初，中央就已经在考虑，将后备干部的培养制度化。
1953年，中央就提到要仿效干部职务名单制，建立后备干部名单制度，“将发现培养和提高后备干部的工作，看作各级党委和一切管理干部部门的经常任务之一”。
1964年，毛泽东多次提出了培养接班人的问题。中组部牵头，启动了“接班人”计划。但这项工作被后来的“文化大革命”所中断。
改革开放后，培养接班人，成为中组部一项极为重要的战略任务。中共元老、曾在延安时期担任中组部部长的陈云曾多次强调：干部队伍保持梯队的结构，可以使党的事业后继有人，代代相传。
1982年，在陈云的提议下，中组部成立了青年干部局(简称青干局)，专门负责后备干部的选拔和任用。
青干局对后备干部的管理也是通过“名单”来实现的。中组部原青干局局长李志民对《中国新闻周刊》记者回忆说，到1985年，“名单”上的各级后备干部人数已超过了10万。其中，中组部掌握的省部级后备干部1054人，各省组织部、各部委人事司管理的地厅级后备干部18000人，余下的96000人则是地市州组织部负责的县处级后备干部。
不过，与“干部职务名单”不同的是，“后备干部名单”上的干部本人并不知道自己在这份名单上。
谈话与座谈
组织部考察了解干部的方式很多，但最有效的手段却是一种老式做法：与被考察对象谈话。事实上，直到现在，与被考察对象谈话仍然是组织部考察了解干部最主要的方式。
中组部原部长尉健行对组织工作有过这样一段表述。他说，熟悉干部是组织部的职业要求，必须亲自接触、亲自谈话。别的方法都可以研究，但都代替不了亲自接触、亲自谈话这个方法。
前述中组部干部对《中国新闻周刊》记者说：“在我们组织部门的工作意识中，干部考察是否深入，谈话的人数多少、范围大小，是个主要的衡量标准。考察干部不谈话或者少谈话，这个考察就缺少有效性。”
据这位干部介绍，为了考察一名正部级干部人选，被中组部约谈的对象有时可以达到上百人。“只要是被考察对象工作过的单位都要去，有工作关系的人都要找，一些有疑点的问题都要想办法解开。”
1985年，为选拔北京市领导，中组部干部考察组与北京市委工业部一位副部长进行了一次谈话。
这次谈话的地点在考察组下榻的北京大都饭店，三名中组部干部参加谈话，北京市委组织部的一名工作人员负责记录。谈话内容主要是被考察对象的工作、思想以及生活情况。
这位被考察干部从他年轻时的经历，一直谈到当前的思想认识，中间还回忆了他父亲对他的影响。他提到，父亲的问题对他影响很大，他属于干部子弟里面从小就有自卑感的人，可能一生都要在父亲的身影下度过。
整个谈话中间，没有谁提什么问题，只有被考察对象一个人在独白。
直到今天，“组织部找谈话”都是一件非常严肃、重要的事情。被考察对象说的每一句话，以及谈话时所表现出的态度，甚至一个细微的动作表情，都有可能成为上级任免的依据。
谈话中，有时还会让被考察对象即兴写点东西，如开列一个自己读过的书目、写一个简短的自我评价等等，以尽可能全面、详细地掌握被考察对象的各方面情况。
座谈会，也是组织部门考察了解干部的一种传统方式。
这种方式的优势是，可以对多个被考察对象进行比较、筛选。如果有人在会上有一点特殊的表现——比如经过精心准备，使用非常生动的语言做了一个既简明又系统的发言，或是发言中有一两句比较生动的警句或引用了几句朗朗上口的群众语言，他就可能给会议主持者留下非常深的印象，影响到他日后的使用和提拔。
新方法
但中组部很早就意识到，仅靠谈话了解干部，有其局限性。
“敢说真话的人少了，当地关系也复杂，考察工作进行起来很困难。”张全景在几年前的一次采访中告诉记者，组织部门也不想用错干部，很多时候是考察不清，发现不出来。像贵州省原省委书记刘方仁、黑龙江省政协原主席韩桂芝的问题，过去就没有考察出来。
1986年，为了更客观、更科学地评价和选拔干部，中组部启动了一项名为“干部工作新方法研究”的计划。
王军衔是当年中组部具体负责这项计划的青年干部。他告诉《中国新闻周刊》记者，这是一个很庞大的项目，研究内容包括对干部能力素质的测评、考核干部的方式和方法以及提高干部能力素质的方法，等等。
这个计划吸收了当时即便在发达国家都非常前沿的心理学量表测试和计算机应用技术。“大跨国公司当时有的，我们都有。”王军衔说。
80年代，中组部在培养后备干部时，已经用上今天很流行的案例教学。据王军衔回忆，为了学习国外政府和企业在人事管理上的经验，中组部曾数次以人事部的名义组织考察团出国出境考察，美国、瑞士、日本和香港等管理先进的国家和地区，都在考察之列。
1986年12月，中组部考察团在香港考察了瑞安公司。后者是较早引进美国“希氏人事管理制度”的公司。一位考察团成员在考察后写道：他们对工作先进行岗位性质、难易程度、责任大小的分析，进而进行职位评估，再进而形成用人标准，制定薪酬政策等一套人事管理制度，很有借鉴意义。我越来越感到，人事管理绝对是一门大科学。
用人标准
2013年7月1日中共建党纪念日前夕，习近平在全国组织工作会议上提出了好干部的“五项要求”，即信念坚定、为民服务、勤政务实、敢于担当、清正廉洁。
过去几十年，中央颁布的用人标准在提法上出现过几次大的变化，从建国初的“又红又专”到“文革”后的干部“四化”(革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化)，再到之后的“德、能、勤、绩、廉”和“德才兼备、以德为先”。
2014年，总计71项条款的《党政领导干部选拔任用工作条例》颁布。
这一条例，对干部提拔做出了具体的硬性规定。比如，晋升县长，需要5年以上的工龄和两年以上基层工作经历、大学专科以上文凭，以及在党校接受过规定时间的培训。
但这些规定又具有很大的弹性。条例同时允许，因特殊情况在提任前未达到培训要求的，可以在提任后再补课;被认为是“特别优秀的年轻干部”，可以不论资历得到提拔。
标准量化了，但核心仍然没有变。“其中，最重要的就是对党的忠诚。”中央党校党建部教授蔡志强告诉《中国新闻周刊》。张全景说：“首先，政治上必须是坚定的，要坚持党性原则，要有正派的作风，要出于公心去工作。”
在忠诚的基础上，还要结合各个时期党的中心工作和具体任务来考察、选拔干部。中组部原部长贺国强在《怎样当好组织部长》中提到，一个组织部长，必须自觉坚持在大局下行动，使组织工作始终服从服务于党的中心任务。
建国之初，中组部提拔干部看重战功与战争年代工作资历。1963年，全国2074名县市委书记中，76%参加过抗日战争，22%参加过解放战争，解放后参加工作的只有2%。
改革开放之后，技术型干部开始受到器重。到1988年，各省1655名正厅局级干部中，具有大专以上文化的已超过半数，占56%;在5597名副厅局级干部中，这一比例更是达到64.6%。他们中的很多人都被中组部选中，进入了后备干部名单，其中的佼佼者日后还成为了党和国家领导人。
今天，中组部在选拔、培养接班人上，倾向于更重视那些有大局意识、有能力总揽全局的干部。
“今天的环境比以往更复杂，有很多不确定因素，领导干部光懂专业，显然已远远不够了。你必须有能力应付各级局面，包括在条件不完全具备的情况下保证政策的落实。”一名长期研究党建工作的学者对《中国新闻周刊》记者说。他总结，现在更注重综合素质，而不是某项专业技能。
主政一方的履历在干部的任用中所占的分量很重。王军衔告诉《中国新闻周刊》，就他在中组部工作期间的感受而言，那些位于“党政主线”上的干部，更容易得到提拔。所谓主线干部，就是乡、镇、县、市和省的党政一把手。
在中组部看来，这些“主线干部”有大局观，具备综合处理各方面事务的能力和经验。“为什么县委书记比副市长更容易获得重用，就是这个原因。”王军衔说。
这种能力和经验，在越往后的提拔中显得越重要。一位曾在中组部工作过的干部对《中国新闻周刊》记者说，事实上，中组部在提拔省部一级的干部时，很少考虑其专业背景。那些从基层干起、履历比较完整的干部，更容易得到提拔。
不少干部之前对此并不理解。80年代初，一位被派往纺织部任职的干部还给中组部打报告，说专业不对口不去。
今天，这种认识已经逐渐被大家所接受。现任公安部部长郭声琨，在被任命之前，并没有干过一天公安，而是一名在国企浸淫多年的企业管理者。在中组部，不论是前任部长李源潮，还是现任部长赵乐际，在任该职前都没有在组织系统工作的相关履历。
中组部认为，掌控全局的能力和经验，与专业没有太大关系，必须在工作中培养和积累，尤其是经过基层的磨炼。
组织系统中流行着一句话：能管好一个县，就能管好一个市;能管好一个市，才能管好一个省。现任国家副主席、中组部原部长李源潮曾引用古语“宰相必起于州郡，猛将必发于卒伍”，来强调基层经验的重要性。
不过，有基层经验的干部的比重现在似乎正在下降。2009年中组部的一项统计显示，中央机关的司局级干部中，来自应届高校毕业生的高达44.6%，而具有县、乡基层领导工作经历的仅占12.5%。很多机关干部也因此被称为“三门干部”——出了家门进校门，出了校门进衙门。
中国人事科学院研究员吴江在接受《中国新闻周刊》记者采访时说，当前干部工作中，一个突出的问题是上下流动不畅，“基层干部上不来，机关干部下不去”。他告诉记者，由于片面强调学历和年龄，很多有经验的基层干部得不到提拔，缺乏上升的通道。
为扭转这一局面，经中央批准，中组部2009年下发了文件，要求到2015年，中央机关和省级机关工作部门领导班子成员中，要有一半具有基层领导工作经历;中央机关司局级领导干部和省级机关处级领导干部，要有三分之二具有两年以上基层工作经历。
干部培养
为了避免能力单一，中组部开始有意识让一些重要岗位的领导干部跨地区、跨部门任职，以提高其领导水平。
商务部原部长陈德铭就是经过多岗位历练的一位省部级干部。在2007年出任商务部长之前，他已经在三个截然不同的职位上任职：苏州市委书记、陕西省省长和国家发改委副主任。
据《金融时报》报道，2007年美国商务部长卡洛斯·古铁雷斯曾与陈德铭会面，他感叹，陈德铭的职业生涯令他想起一些成功的跨国公司。它们将有前途的管理人员派往不同的分公司和表现不佳的部门，让其经受艰苦磨炼，然后才调回总部。
出国培训，也被认为是综合素质培养的一种有效途径。
前几年，每年有数万名中共党政官员在组织部门的安排下，前往发达国家求学，而这些培训项目的核心操作者正是中组部。
2002年，时任南京市委书记的李源潮参加了第五期“新世界哈佛高级公务员培训项目”，在哈佛接受了大约三周的学习。
这是一个由中组部负责选拔学员、国家外专局负责实施的培训项目。培训的课程包括美国政策与政府、媒体如何运作、谈判策略、社交媒体等。除上课外，学员还有机会访问参观联合国、世界银行以及国际货币基金组织。
现任陕西省委书记赵永正、中国国际金融公司董事长李剑阁以及陈德铭等，都曾在哈佛大学接受过培训或学习。
“戴帽子的”
一名干部是否能够进入“名单”得到提拔，决定权掌握在上一级的党委手里。“中管干部”的任免决定，通常由中央做出。
在这个过程中，负责管理“中管干部”的中组部作为中央的职能部门，承担着重要职责。例如，中央某部缺了一位副部长，中组部就要搜集相关的人事材料，进行考察。然后，形成详细的报告，提出建议，供中央参考。“在这方面，组织部只有建议权。”中组部原部长张全景告诉《中国新闻周刊》。
中组部是中共最重要的机构之一，也是一个深受高层重视的部门。毛泽东、周恩来、陈云、邓小平、胡耀邦等都曾亲自担任过中组部部长。毛泽东曾告诫全党，政治路线确定之后，干部就是决定的因素。
陈云曾对中组部的干部说，你们要一是一、二是二，是是是、非是非，不能看眼色行事。在延安的时候，他还提出一个观点，中组部的性质和任务与中央社会部(注：成立于1939年，负责情报与保卫工作)不同，社会部是专门找坏人的，组织部是专门找好人的。他说，看干部首先要看干部的长处，只有发现干部的长处，才能善于发现人才。
在很多党员干部眼里，中纪委是“摘帽子”的，中组部是“戴帽子”的。在中组部工作，常被认为是件很风光的事，每到一个地方考察，都是当地一把手亲自会见。
中组部青干局局长李志民等人曾去黑龙江，考察继任省长人选。在八天的考察中，他们与在哈尔滨的所有省领导都谈了话，仅省委书记就单独谈了两次，其中一次谈了整整一个下午。
不过，在中组部工作过的人，并不认为这是件轻松的差事。因为，得罪人和被人误解的情况都时常发生。
中组部负责党的组织建设、干部队伍建设和人才队伍建设，扮演的角色是党中央的“助手和参谋”。一些熟悉中组部业务的人，甚至更愿意把它看作中央的一个“大办事员”——负责办理中央在组织工作方面的各项事务，而并不像外界认为的那样对人事任免拥有决定权。
两大核心业务
中组部的核心业务大致分为两部分，一是负责党建，一是管理干部人事。
一位熟悉中组部的人告诉《中国新闻周刊》记者，一般说来，带有“组织”字眼的局处，如组织局，是管党建的;带有“干部”字眼的局处，如干部调配局、企业干部局，就是管人事的。
上世纪90年代后期，由于经济建设亟需大量的科技创新人才，中组部又在原知识分子工作办公室的基础上，成立了人才工作局，负责人才队伍的建设。
近几年，这个局在引进海外高层次人才方面显示出巨大的能量。2008年，牵头启动了“千人计划”，仅用了三四年时间，就从国外招揽了2263名顶尖科学家和领军人才来华创新创业。
自从设立了人才工作局以后，中组部有了新的定位，即“三个之家”：党员之家、干部之家和知识分子之家。
中共有超过400万个基层党组织，中组部组织局承担着对它们的管理工作。除此之外，组织局还负责8000多万名党员的管理和教育。可以说，这是一项繁重且出不得半点差错的任务。
为了有效地实现管理，组织局侧重于宏观指导，具体的事务则更多地依靠各级党委，以及延伸至基层的组织系统。张全景说：“组织系统没有涉及不到的部门，战线非常广。”
这个庞大、严密的系统，从中央、省、市、县一直延伸到乡镇，有大约10万人在维护着它的运转。
根据1985年的数据，当年底组织系统共有干部96615人，其中包括：中组部509人、省委组织部2741人(平均每省94人)、地市委组织部17087人(平均每地市47人)、县市委组织部37928人(平均每县17人)和乡镇组织委员38350人。
中组部对大约5000名“中管干部”的管理，采用了分类的办法。每个干部局，负责某一个或几个系统的干部的选拔、任用和管理。比如，有的干部局管党政与外事干部，有的管地方干部，有的管经济、科技与教育领域的干部，还有的管企业干部。
各个干部局对干部的管理，不仅仅是“管人头”(即提拔、任免干部)，还需要让那些被提拔的干部“能坐在一起工作”，后一项工作也被通俗地叫做“配班子”。
中组部原部长贺国强，在党内以“善于团结人”著称。有媒体报道说，他执掌中组部之后，摸索出一套“配班子”的“贺氏法则”，即在保证干部个体素质的前提下，注重干部之间的兼容性。在党政一把手的配备上，避免将两个强势干部配在一起。通常是，将资历深一点的与资历浅一点的搭配，性格强势一点的和性格温和一点的搭配，思维方式宏观一点的和微观一点的人搭配。
在如何管理“班子”上，张全景也有自己的经验。那就是，管好一把手。干部管理权限下放以后，如何管好地方干部，成为中组部当时面临的一个新问题。1993年，张全景提出，管好“两个30”，即30位省委书记和30位省长。他说，很多问题都出在一把手上。“无论是用人也好，其他事情也好，一把手的作用太大。选好、管好一把手，好多事情就可以办好。”
为了对领导班子和领导干部进行监督，中组部还专门设有干部监督局，受理用人方面不正之风的举报。同时，办理中央批办的反映领导干部重要问题的案件。
为此，中组部对外公布了举报电话12380。这个电话很可能是公众能够与中组部联系的唯一方式。中组部的办公楼不挂任何招牌，办公电话没有列入公开的电话簿，从楼里打出的电话不显示来电号码，只有一连串的零。
低调与“高调”
中组部一直被认为是中共最神秘的机构之一。它的工作人员极少在公开场合露面，在工作场合，与被考察对象谈话也不苟言笑。
曾在中组部工作多年的王军衔告诉《中国新闻周刊》记者，由于工作需要，他们经常会与省部级领导谈话，参加他们的民主生活会，但从不发表任何意见，更不会轻易评价干部，只带耳朵、笔记本，听完就走，不讲话，“就像是一个隐身人”。
退休前任福建省人事厅厅长的唐文光，上世纪60年代曾在中组部工作。他对《中国新闻周刊》记者回忆说，刚到中组部时，他被安排处理地方上的来信。有一次，他刚准备给地方打电话，就被叫住了。他被告知，打电话前必须先写一份电话稿，经批准后才能打。“你的一个电话，对下面的人来说，就是一项政策。”
“在很多时候，中组部的言论就代表中央。没有授权，我们是绝不能私自发表看法的。”李志民说，“必须要与中央保持高度一致。”
中组部内部有一套严格的纪律制度。所有工作人员的工作笔记都标有序号，用完存档，离职前全部上交。不同部门之间，互不交流工作。出差去哪里、找什么人、办什么事，更不能相互打听。
张全景认为，组织工作有一定的机密性，既有历史的原因，又有工作性质、工作方法的考虑。
历史原因是，中国共产党成立后长期处于白色恐怖之中，即使在根据地，环境也很艰险。而组织部对自己工作范围内的党员、干部是全部了解的，因此保密就至关重要。
建国后，由于组织人事工作的敏感性，仍存在保密问题。某些党员干部的特殊情况、正在酝酿尚未决定的人事任免、酝酿讨论过程中的各种不同意见等，仍需保密。“这与扩大用人上的民主、党务公开等并不矛盾。”张全景说。
中组部工作人员表现出的不苟言笑，甚至是刻板，在中央党校党建部教授蔡志强看来，是工作性质使然。“在组织系统内，你永远不可能代表自己。”他说，“你必须低调、内敛，服从纪律。”
不过，中组部也有“高调”的时候，那就是出席干部的任免大会。
一般而言，各省市区一把手的任命，都会有一位中组部的副部长到场。每年“两会”后，是地方领导的换届期，也是中组部领导最忙的时候。
《中国新闻周刊》记者梳理发现，仅去年3月20日那一天，就有河南、湖南、河北、黑龙江和江西的五位省委书记履新。而这一天，王秦丰、潘立刚、张纪南、王尔乘和王京清这五位中组部副部长也同时亮相，分别出席这五场履新大会。
四个直辖市的市委书记通常都是政治局委员，任免大会的级别相应更高。
2007年11月30日，重庆市委召开全市领导干部大会，传达了中央关于薄熙来接替汪洋任重庆市委书记的决定。时任中组部部长李源潮亲自到会宣布该决定。
薄熙来2012年落马后，张德江以副总理身份兼任重庆市委书记一职。李源潮再次与会，并发表讲话称：“这次重庆市委主要领导的调整，是鉴于王立军事件造成的严重政治影响，中央从当前的形势和大局出发，经过慎重研究决定的。”
8个月之后，张德江结束了短暂的重庆岁月，孙政才接任市委书记。宣读任免决定的，是刚担任中组部部长不久的赵乐际。在讲话中，他代表中央，肯定了已升任政治局常委的张德江在重庆的工作。
去神秘化
近年来，中组部开始出现去神秘化、公开化的迹象。
2005年7月7日，中组部副部长李景田出席国务院新闻办的新闻发布会，引起国内外媒体的关注。这是中组部第一次派高级官员接受媒体集体提问。
2010年6月，中组部在例行发布党内重要统计数据时，一改往年的书面发布方式，破天荒地召开了一场新闻发布会，还任命了一位新闻发言人。
发言人说，这是推进党务公开、提高组织工作透明度的一个实际举措。他坦率地说：“作为新闻发言人，我对这个工作还是很生疏的，所以希望大家多帮助、多指点、多理解。”
从上世纪90年代初起，中组部开始探索公开选拔领导干部。中国人事科学院研究员吴江告诉《中国新闻周刊》，如今，副厅级以下以及部分专业性较强的领导岗位，已经实现了公开选拔。
2010年4月，德意志银行(中国)原董事长张红力被任命为中国工商银行副行长。张红力成为中组部从海外引进的最高级别官员，改写了之前没有“海龟”直接成为“中管干部”的历史。
中组部打破惯例，通过市场方式选聘“中管干部”，俨然是跨国猎头公司。但不言而喻，它与猎头公司的做法完全不同。
在组织关系上，四大国有银行的高管(董事长、副董事长、行长、副行长和监事会主席)均属于“中管干部”序列。其人事任免，国资委会参与，但中组部有很大的发言权。
事实上，中组部曾多次以轮岗的方式，对国有商业银行的高管进行调整。一些高管，被任命为政府高官。前中国银行副行长朱民，曾被擢升为央行副行长，完成了从银行家到政府官员的转型。
有人批评，公开选拔的范围不够大，尤其是高层干部的选拔方式，仍比较传统。
“(高级干部的任免)不是博弈的结果，而是合力的结果。”蔡志强说。他认为，这种闭门协商机制，可以最大程度地权衡各方不同意见，避免出现动荡。
但这套协商机制，需要制度化，也需要更加公开化。同时，如何界定组织部门的权限，如何管理不同类型的干部，也是新时期中组部面临的课题。
“中组部正处于一个巨大的变革时期。”蔡志强告诉《中国新闻周刊》。
（来源：中国新闻周刊）
英文翻译
How the world’s largest HR works—Decrypted by the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
The office building of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China does not have any signboard, and the office phone number is not listed in the public phone book. Calls made from the building do not display the caller number, only a series of zeros… This is the core of the CCP’s ruling system and the most mysterious in the eyes of the outside world. How does one of the world’s largest super HR organizations operate?
On the south side of West Chang’an Street in Beijing, less than one kilometer away from Zhongnanhai, sits a building without any sign.
The building faces south and forms a three-sided enclosed courtyard with the annex buildings on the east and west sides and the gate tower on the south side. The central green space in the courtyard, the sunken courtyards on the east and west sides, and the surrounding wide green belts jointly create a peaceful atmosphere. In order to enhance this tranquility, the architect even designed a roof garden on the top of the south gate building, which is rare in the north. The entire group of buildings forms a strong contrast with the bustling and noisy Xidan business district across West Chang’an Street.
Here is the location of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (referred to as the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee).
As one of the designers of this building that won the Luban Award, the highest award for Chinese architectural engineering, Wang Xiaoan, chief architect of the East China Architectural Design Institute, once summarized the owner’s design requirements as: “Combination of national style and modern style. Solemn, practical, not luxurious.” Isn’t this the case for the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which works in the building?
As a department that was born almost at the same time as the Communist Party of China, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has formed a complete and rigorous work system and a unique cultural atmosphere over the past 90 years, becoming an indispensable core institution for the CCP’s governance. But at the same time, with the development of the times, it is in the midst of huge changes and faces unprecedented challenges.
Some people compare the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to the world’s largest HR (Human Resources Department), which manages more than 80 million party members and about 600,000 party and government leading cadres across the country. However, the complexity and uncertainty of this work are obviously beyond the imagination of HR in multinational companies.
The establishment of a cadre job list system
Although the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was established very early, formal work operations and work order were not established until the War of Liberation, and the actual formation was delayed until the 1950s after liberation.
In October 1948, Mao Zedong wrote to Peng Zhen, the then head of the Organization Department of the Central Committee, requesting that the Organization Department of the Central Committee should send a notice to the organizational departments of all central bureaus and sub-bureaus, stipulating a request for instructions and reporting system, and constantly supervising and urging, so as to establish the Central Organization Department. department’s business. In November, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the “Notice on the Business and Report Request System of Organizational Departments”. Under the leadership of Peng Zhen, An Ziwen was specifically responsible and began to vigorously build the organization and business of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, An Ziwen, then executive deputy director of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, suggested to Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi that China’s cadre management system be established “by imitating the cadre job list system of the Soviet Communist Party.” According to this set of measures, all important positions and cadres serving in the party, government and social organizations must be registered; when transferring, appointing and removing cadres, cadres must be pre-examined, selected and recommended, and approved for appointment based on the list.
In 1952, Liu Shaoqi said at the First National Organizational Work Conference of the Communist Party of China: “From the most junior to the most senior cadres, everyone must be managed by certain organs. We call this system the cadre job list system. “
In January 1955, the CCP promulgated the first list of cadres – the “List of Cadre Positions Managed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.” This list included all cadres at the prefecture level and above at that time, all of which were directly managed by the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Within the organizational system, these cadres are collectively referred to as “middle management cadres.”
Beginning in September 1955, various provinces and ministries followed the central government’s lead and formulated lists of cadre job titles for their respective administrations. The country has gradually established a system for managing cadres at different levels, under the leadership of the Central Committee and Party Committees at all levels, and under the unified management of the Organization Department of the Central Committee and the Organization Departments at all levels.
A cadre who has worked in the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China for many years told a reporter from China News Weekly that to put it simply, China has two cadre management systems. The first is “the party manages cadres” and the second is “job list list”. “. Organization departments at all levels manage the cadres on their own “lists” according to their “authority”. “To this day, there have been basically no major changes to this system.”
Two levels of down tube to one level of down tube
Over the past few decades, the scope of the “list” has undergone several major changes.
In 1984, the Central Committee decided to adjust the management of cadres by party committees at all levels from the original “two levels of lower management” to “one level of lower management”. Zhang Jingjing, former director of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, told a reporter from China News Weekly: “In addition to provincial and ministerial-level cadres, cadres at the local department level and department and bureau level were also under the control of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. At that time, this power was delegated to local governments. In this way, , the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is only responsible for provincial and ministerial level cadres.”
With this adjustment, the number of “central management cadres” responsible for the management of the Central Organization Department has been reduced from more than 13,000 to more than 4,200, and the burden has become much lighter.
According to a staff member of the Organization Department of the Central Committee at the time, after the “Cultural Revolution”, a large number of veteran cadres returned to work after the “Cultural Revolution” to correct the chaos. However, a normal retirement system for cadres had not been established at that time, and the number of cadres increased so fast that organizational departments at all levels were overwhelmed. heavy burden. Statistics from the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China show that in the early 1980s, the number of bureau-level cadres in the 26 ministries and commissions of the State Council reached 1,415, which was several times the number at the time of liberation.
This staff member told a reporter from China News Weekly that in the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, when cadres at or above the bureau level of various ministries and commissions held meetings, they could all sit down in the Huairen Hall. After the “Gang of Four” was overthrown, we had to go to the Great Hall of the People for meetings.
After 1984, the list of “central management cadres” went through several adjustments. During this period, the Central Organization Department once took back the decentralized powers to curb the out-of-control situation of local promotion of cadres. In the late 1980s, the management authority of organizational departments at all levels began to become normalized, which continues to this day.
Regarding the current scope of functions of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Financial Times once made such a comparison.
General Motors is currently the company with the largest number of employees in the world. It has 750,000 direct employees, which is more than the number of people in the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps combined. In addition, there are 500,000 dealers and about 1.5 million factory employees who rely on it for their livelihood. However, compared with the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the scope of management of GM HR is not worth mentioning.
In order to let foreign readers understand the scope of functions of the Central Organization Department, the article assumes that there is a similar department in Washington. Then the personnel appointments it will be responsible for will include: governors and lieutenant governors of various states in the United States, mayors of major cities, heads of federal regulatory agencies, CEOs of General Electric, Exxon Mobil, Walmart and more than 50 other largest companies. Officials, editor-in-chief of the New York Times, Wall Street Journal and Washington Post, owners of various television broadcast companies and cable TV stations, presidents of Yale, Harvard and other major universities, as well as the Brookings Institution and the Heritage Foundation I will wait for the leadership of the think tank.
reserve cadres
When the cadre job list system was first established, the central government was already considering institutionalizing the training of reserve cadres.
In 1953, the Central Committee mentioned that it would imitate the cadre job list system and establish a reserve cadre list system. “The work of discovering, cultivating and improving reserve cadres will be regarded as one of the regular tasks of party committees at all levels and all cadre management departments.”
In 1964, Mao Zedong raised the issue of training successors many times. The Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee took the lead and launched the “successor” plan. But this work was interrupted by the later “Cultural Revolution”.
After the reform and opening up, cultivating successors has become an extremely important strategic task for the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Chen Yun, a veteran of the Communist Party of China and former head of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China during the Yan’an period, has repeatedly emphasized that maintaining an echelon structure in the cadre team can enable the party’s cause to be passed on from generation to generation.
In 1982, at Chen Yun’s suggestion, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China established the Youth Cadre Bureau (referred to as the Youth Cadre Bureau), which is responsible for the selection and appointment of reserve cadres.
The Youth Cadre Bureau’s management of reserve cadres is also implemented through “lists”. Li Zhimin, former director of the Youth Cadre Bureau of the Central Organization Department, recalled to a reporter from China News Weekly that by 1985, the number of reserve cadres at all levels on the “list” had exceeded 100,000. Among them, there are 1,054 provincial and ministerial level reserve cadres under the control of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, 18,000 prefecture-level reserve cadres managed by the provincial organization departments and the personnel departments of ministries and commissions, and the remaining 96,000 are county-level reserve cadres managed by the prefecture, city, and state organization departments. cadre.
However, unlike the “cadre position list”, the cadres on the “reserve cadre list” do not know that they are on this list.
Talks and discussions
There are many ways for the Organization Department to investigate and understand cadres, but the most effective method is an old-fashioned method: talking to the person being inspected. In fact, until now, talking to the people being inspected is still the most important way for the Organization Department to inspect and understand cadres.
Wei Jianxing, former head of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, once said this about organizational work. He said that being familiar with cadres is a professional requirement of the Organization Department, and they must be contacted and talked to in person. Other methods can be studied, but they cannot replace the method of personal contact and personal conversation.
The aforementioned cadre of the Organization Department of the Central Committee told a reporter from China News Weekly: “In the work consciousness of our organizational department, whether the cadre inspection is in-depth, the number of people interviewed, and the scope of the interview are the main criteria. The inspected cadres do not talk or talk less , this investigation lacks validity.”
According to this cadre, in order to examine candidates for a ministerial-level cadre, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China sometimes interviews hundreds of people. “We have to go to any unit where the person being inspected has worked, find people with working relationships, and find ways to solve any doubtful questions.”
In 1985, in order to select Beijing leaders, the cadre inspection team of the Central Organization Department had a conversation with a deputy minister of the Industry Department of the Beijing Municipal Party Committee.
The conversation took place at the Capital Hotel in Beijing where the inspection team was staying. Three cadres from the Central Organization Department participated in the conversation, and a staff member from the Organization Department of the Beijing Municipal Party Committee was responsible for recording. The content of the conversation is mainly about the work, thoughts and living conditions of the person being inspected.
The cadre under investigation talked about his current ideological understanding from his experiences in his youth, and also recalled the influence of his father on him. He mentioned that his father’s problems had a great impact on him. He is one of the children of cadres who has had an inferiority complex since he was a child. He may have to spend his whole life in his father’s presence.
During the entire conversation, no one asked any questions, and only the subject under investigation was monologue.
To this day, “talking to the organization department” is a very serious and important matter. Every word spoken by the person under investigation, the attitude shown during the conversation, and even a subtle movement expression may become the basis for the appointment and dismissal of the superior.
During the conversation, sometimes the person being inspected will be asked to write something impromptu, such as listing a list of books he has read, writing a brief self-evaluation, etc., in order to grasp all aspects of the person being inspected as comprehensively and in detail as possible.
Symposiums are also a traditional way for organizational departments to inspect and understand cadres.
The advantage of this method is that it can compare and filter multiple objects under investigation. If someone has some special performance at the meeting – for example, he has carefully prepared and used very vivid language to make a concise and systematic speech, or he has one or two vivid aphorisms or quoted a few catchy sentences. If he speaks the language of the masses, he may leave a very deep impression on the host of the meeting, which will affect his future use and promotion.
new method
However, the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee realized very early on that relying solely on conversations to understand cadres has its limitations.
“There are fewer people who dare to tell the truth, and local relations are complicated. It is very difficult to conduct inspections.” Zhang Quanjing told reporters in an interview a few years ago that the organizational department does not want to hire the wrong cadres, and many times the inspections are unclear. , cannot be found. Issues such as Liu Fangnen, the former secretary of the Provincial Party Committee of Guizhou Province, and Han Guizhi, the former chairman of the Heilongjiang Provincial Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, were not investigated in the past.
In 1986, in order to evaluate and select cadres more objectively and scientifically, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China launched a plan called “Research on New Methods for Cadre Work.”
Wang Junjun was the young cadre in charge of this plan in the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. He told the reporter of China News Weekly that this is a very large project, and the research content includes the evaluation of cadres’ ability and quality, the methods and methods of assessing cadres, and methods of improving cadres’ ability and quality, etc.
This plan absorbed psychological scale testing and computer application technology that were very cutting-edge even in developed countries at that time. “We all had what the big multinational companies had at that time,” Wang Junzhi said.
In the 1980s, when training reserve cadres, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China already used case teaching that is very popular today. According to Wang Junzhi’s recollection, in order to learn from the experience of foreign governments and enterprises in personnel management, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has organized several inspection groups in the name of the Ministry of Personnel to go abroad for inspections to countries and regions with advanced management such as the United States, Switzerland, Japan and Hong Kong. , are all under investigation.
In December 1986, an inspection delegation from the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China inspected Ruian Company in Hong Kong. The latter was the first company to introduce the American “His Personnel Management System”. A member of the inspection team wrote after the inspection: They first analyzed the nature of the job, the degree of difficulty, and the level of responsibility, and then conducted job evaluations, and then formed employment standards, formulated a set of personnel management systems such as salary policies, and it was very It has reference significance. I feel more and more that personnel management is definitely a big science.
Employment standards
On the eve of the founding anniversary of the Communist Party of China on July 1, 2013, Xi Jinping put forward the “five requirements” for good cadres at the National Organizational Work Conference, namely firm belief, serving the people, diligence and pragmatism, courage to take responsibility, and integrity.
In the past few decades, there have been several major changes in the formulation of the recruitment standards promulgated by the central government, from the “red and professional” in the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China to the “four modernizations” of cadres after the “Cultural Revolution” (revolutionary, youthful, Knowledge, specialization), and then to “morality, ability, diligence, performance, integrity” and “having both ability and political integrity, putting morality first”.
In 2014, the “Regulations on the Selection and Appointment of Party and Government Leading Cadres” was promulgated with a total of 71 articles.
This regulation makes specific and rigid provisions on the promotion of cadres. For example, promotion to county magistrate requires more than five years of service, more than two years of grassroots work experience, a college diploma or above, and a prescribed period of training at a party school.
But these regulations are very flexible. The regulations also allow that those who fail to meet the training requirements before promotion due to special circumstances can make up the courses after promotion; those who are considered “particularly outstanding young cadres” can be promoted regardless of their seniority.
The standards have been quantified, but the core remains unchanged. “Among them, the most important thing is loyalty to the party.” Cai Zhiqiang, a professor in the Party Building Department of the Central Party School, told China News Weekly. Zhang Quanjing said: “First of all, we must be politically determined, adhere to the party spirit and principles, have an upright style, and work out of public motives.”
On the basis of loyalty, cadres must also be inspected and selected based on the party’s central work and specific tasks in each period. He Guoqiang, former director of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, mentioned in “How to Be a Good Organization Minister” that an organization director must consciously insist on acting within the overall situation so that organizational work is always subordinate to the central task of serving the party.
At the beginning of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China valued military exploits and war-era work experience when promoting cadres. In 1963, among the 2,074 county and municipal Party committee secretaries nationwide, 76
% participated in the Anti-Japanese War, 22% participated in the Liberation War, and only 2% participated in the work after liberation.
After the reform and opening up, technical cadres began to be valued. By 1988, more than half of the 1,655 cadres at the department and bureau level in various provinces had college education or above, accounting for 56%; among the 5,597 cadres at the deputy department and bureau level, this proportion reached 64.6%. Many of them were selected by the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and entered the list of reserve cadres. The best among them later became party and state leaders.
Today, when selecting and training successors, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China tends to pay more attention to those cadres who have a sense of the overall situation and the ability to take charge of the overall situation.
“Today’s environment is more complex than before, with many uncertainties. It is obviously no longer enough for leading cadres to be professional. You must be able to cope with situations at all levels, including ensuring the implementation of policies when conditions are not fully met. .” A scholar who has long studied party building work told a reporter from China News Weekly. He concluded that now more emphasis is placed on overall quality rather than a certain professional skill.
The experience of the party in power plays a very important role in the appointment of cadres. Wang Junjun told China News Weekly that based on his experience while working in the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, those cadres who are on the “main line of the party and government” are more likely to be promoted. The so-called main-line cadres are the party and government leaders in townships, towns, counties, cities and provinces.
According to the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, these “main-line cadres” have an overall view and have the ability and experience to comprehensively handle all aspects of affairs. “This is the reason why the county party secretary is more likely to be re-employed than the deputy mayor.” Wang Junzhi said.
This kind of ability and experience becomes more important in subsequent promotions. A cadre who once worked in the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China told a reporter from China News Weekly that in fact, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China rarely considers their professional background when promoting cadres at the provincial and ministerial levels. Those cadres who started from the grassroots level and have relatively complete resumes are more likely to be promoted.
Many cadres did not understand this before. In the early 1980s, a cadre who was assigned to serve in the Ministry of Textiles reported to the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, saying that he was not professional and refused to report.
Today, this understanding has gradually been accepted by everyone. The current Minister of Public Security, Guo Shengkun, had never worked as a public security officer for a day before his appointment. Instead, he was an enterprise manager who had been immersed in state-owned enterprises for many years. In the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, neither former minister Li Yuanchao nor current minister Zhao Leji had relevant experience working in the organizational system before taking up this position.
The Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China believes that the ability and experience to control the overall situation have little to do with majors and must be cultivated and accumulated at work, especially through training at the grassroots level.
There is a popular saying in the organizational system: if you can manage a county well, you can manage a city well; if you can manage a city well, you can manage a province well. Li Yuanchao, the current vice president of the country and former director of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, once quoted the ancient saying “Prime ministers must start from the prefectures and counties, and powerful generals must be sent to the ranks” to emphasize the importance of grassroots experience.
However, the proportion of cadres with grassroots experience now seems to be declining. Statistics from the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee in 2009 showed that among department-level cadres in central agencies, as many as 44.6% were recent college graduates, while only 12.5% had experience in county and township leadership. Therefore, many government cadres are called “three-door cadres” – after leaving home, they enter the school, and when they leave the school, they enter the yamen.
Wu Jiang, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Personnel Sciences, said in an interview with a reporter from China News Weekly that a prominent problem in the current cadre work is the poor upward and downward mobility. “Grassroots cadres cannot come up, and agency cadres cannot go down.” He told reporters that due to the one-sided emphasis on academic qualifications and age, many experienced grassroots cadres were not promoted and lacked channels for advancement.
In order to reverse this situation, with the approval of the Central Committee, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued a document in 2009 requiring that by 2015, half of the members of the leadership teams of central agencies and provincial agencies must have grassroots leadership experience; Two-thirds of bureau-level leading cadres and provincial-level agency and division-level leading cadres must have more than two years of grassroots work experience.
Cadre training
In order to avoid a single capability, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China began to consciously let some leading cadres in important positions serve across regions and departments to improve their leadership level.
Chen Deming, the former Minister of Commerce, is a provincial and ministerial-level cadre who has experienced in many positions. Before becoming Minister of Commerce in 2007, he had served in three distinct positions: Secretary of the Suzhou Municipal Party Committee, Governor of Shaanxi Province, and Deputy Director of the National Development and Reform Commission.
According to the Financial Times, US Commerce Secretary Carlos Gutierrez met with Chen Deming in 2007. He lamented that Chen Deming’s career reminded him of some successful multinational companies. They send promising managers to various subsidiaries and underperforming units, put them through the wringer, and then transfer them back to headquarters.
Overseas training is also considered an effective way to cultivate comprehensive quality.
In the past few years, tens of thousands of CCP party and government officials went to developed countries to study every year under the arrangements of the organization department, and the core operator of these training programs was the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee.
In 2002, Li Yuanchao, then secretary of the Nanjing Municipal Party Committee, participated in the fifth phase of the “New World Harvard Senior Civil Servant Training Program” and studied at Harvard for about three weeks.
This is a training program that is selected by the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee and implemented by the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs. Training courses include U.S. policy and government, how the media operates, negotiation strategies, social media, etc. In addition to attending classes, students will also have the opportunity to visit the United Nations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
Zhao Yongzheng, the current secretary of the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, Li Jiange, chairman of the China International Capital Corporation, and Chen Deming, all have received training or studied at Harvard University.
“The one with the hat”
Whether a cadre can be promoted to the “list” depends on the decision-making power of the party committee at the next higher level. Decisions on the appointment and dismissal of “central management cadres” are usually made by the central government.
In this process, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which is responsible for managing the “central management cadres”, is a functional department of the central government and assumes important responsibilities. For example, if a certain department of the Central Committee lacks a deputy minister, the Organization Department of the Central Committee will collect relevant personnel materials and conduct an investigation. Then, a detailed report is formed and recommendations are made for central reference. “In this regard, the Organization Department only has the right to make suggestions.” Zhang Quanjing, former director of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, told China News Weekly.
The Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is one of the most important institutions of the Communist Party of China, and it is also a department that is highly valued by senior officials. Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Chen Yun, Deng Xiaoping, Hu Yaobang, etc. have all personally served as ministers of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Mao Zedong once warned the entire party that after the political line is determined, cadres are the decisive factor.
Chen Yun once told the cadres of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China that you must be one for one, two for two, right for right and wrong for wrong, and you must not act based on looks. When he was in Yan’an, he also put forward a point of view that the nature and tasks of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China are different from the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Central Committee (Note: established in 1939, responsible for intelligence and security work). The Ministry of Social Affairs is specialized in finding bad guys, while the Organization Department is specialized in finding bad guys. Looking for good people. He said that when looking at cadres, we must first look at their strengths. Only by discovering the strengths of cadres can we be good at discovering talents.
In the eyes of many party members and cadres, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection is the one who “takes off the hat”, while the Organization Department of the Central Committee is the one who “wears the hat”. Working in the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is often considered a very prestigious thing. Every time I visit a place for inspection, I am personally met by the local top leaders.
Li Zhimin, director of the Youth Cadre Bureau of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and others once went to Heilongjiang to inspect candidates to succeed the provincial governor. During the eight-day inspection, they talked with all provincial leaders in Harbin. Only the provincial party secretary had two separate talks, one of which lasted a whole afternoon.
However, those who have worked in the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee do not think this is an easy job. Because offending and being misunderstood often happen.
The Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is responsible for the party’s organizational building, cadre team building and talent team building, and its role is the “assistant and consultant” of the Party Central Committee. Some people who are familiar with the business of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China are even more willing to regard it as a “big clerk” of the Central Committee – responsible for handling various organizational affairs of the Central Committee, and does not have the decision-making power in personnel appointments and dismissals as the outside world thinks. right.
Two core businesses
The core business of the Central Organization Department is roughly divided into two parts. One is responsible for party building, and the other is management of cadres and personnel.
A person familiar with the Organization Department of the Central Committee told a reporter from China News Weekly that generally speaking, bureaus with the word “organization”, such as the Organization Bureau, are in charge of party building; bureaus with the word “cadre”, such as The Cadre Allocation Bureau and the Enterprise Cadre Bureau are in charge of personnel affairs.
In the late 1990s, as economic construction urgently required a large number of scientific and technological innovation talents, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China established a Talent Work Bureau based on the original Intellectual Work Office to be responsible for the construction of the talent team.
In recent years, this bureau has shown great energy in introducing high-level overseas talents. In 2008, it took the lead in launching the “Thousand Talents Plan”. In just three or four years, it recruited 2,263 top scientists and leading talents from abroad to come to China to innovate and start businesses.
Since the establishment of the Talent Work Bureau, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has a new positioning, namely, “three homes”: the home of party members, the home of cadres and the home of intellectuals.
There are more than 4 million grassroots party organizations in China, and the Organization Bureau of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is responsible for their management. In addition, the Organization Bureau is also responsible for the management and education of more than 80 million party members. It can be said that this is a arduous and error-free task.
In order to effectively achieve management, the Organization Bureau focuses on macro guidance, while specific matters rely more on party committees at all levels and the organizational system that extends to the grassroots. Zhang Quanjing said: “There is no department that is not involved in the organizational system, and the front line is very broad.”
This huge and rigorous system extends from the central government, provinces, cities, counties to villages and towns, with about 100,000 people maintaining its operation.
According to data from 1985, there were 96,615 cadres in the organizational system at the end of that year, including: 509 people in the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, 2,741 people in the Organization Department of the Provincial Party Committee (an average of 94 people per province), and 17,087 people in the Organization Department of the prefectural and municipal Party committees (an average of 47 people per city). people), 37,928 people in the organization department of county and municipal party committees (an average of 17 people per county), and 38,350 people in township organization committees.
The Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China adopts a classification method to manage about 5,000 “central management cadres”. Each cadre bureau is responsible for the selection, appointment and management of cadres in one or several systems. For example, some cadre bureaus are in charge of party, government and foreign affairs cadres, some are in charge of local cadres, some are in charge of cadres in the fields of economy, science and technology, and education, and some are in charge of enterprise cadres.
The management of cadres by various cadre bureaus is not only to “manage heads” (that is, promote, appoint and remove cadres), but also to enable those promoted cadres to “sit and work together.” The latter task is also colloquially called “coordinating.” Team”.
He Guoqiang, former head of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, is known within the party as “good at uniting people.” Some media reported that after he took charge of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, he worked out a set of “He’s Laws” for “matching teams”, that is, paying attention to compatibility among cadres while ensuring their individual qualities. In terms of staffing the top leaders of the party and government, avoid pairing two powerful cadres together. Usually, people with more seniority are matched with people with less seniority, people with stronger personalities are matched with people with gentler personalities, and people with more macro-minded thinking are matched with people with more micro-level thinking.
Zhang Quanjing also has his own experience in how to manage the “team”. That is, take care of the leader. After the cadre management authority was decentralized, how to manage local cadres well became a new problem faced by the Central Organization Department. In 1993, Zhang Quanjing proposed to manage the “two 30s”, namely 30 provincial party committee secretaries and 30 provincial governors. He said that many problems lie with the top leaders. “Whether it’s hiring people or doing other things, the role of the top leader is huge. If you choose and manage the top leader well, many things can be done well.”
In order to supervise the leadership team and leading cadres, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has also established a cadre supervision bureau to accept reports of unhealthy practices in employment. At the same time, handle cases approved by the central government that reflect important issues of leading cadres.
To this end, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China announced the reporting hotline 12380. This phone number is likely the only way the public can contact the Central Organization Department. There is no signboard on the office building of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The office phone number is not listed in the public phone book. Calls made from the building do not display the caller number, only a series of zeros.
Low-key and “high-key”
The Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee has always been considered one of the most mysterious agencies of the CCP. Its staff rarely appear in public and are unsmiling when talking to those under investigation at work.
Wang Junjun, who has worked in the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China for many years, told the China News Weekly reporter that due to work needs, they often talk to provincial and ministerial leaders and participate in their democratic life meetings, but they never express any opinions, let alone easily When evaluating cadres, they only carry ears and notebooks, and then leave without speaking, “like an invisible person.”
Tang Wenguang, the retired director of the Fujian Provincial Department of Personnel, worked in the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in the 1960s. He recalled to a reporter from China News Weekly that when he first arrived at the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee, he was assigned to handle letters from local governments. Once, when he was about to call the place, he was stopped. He was told that he must write a call script before making a call, and he could only make the call after approval. “A phone call from you is a policy to the people below.”
“In many cases, the remarks of the Central Organization Department represent the central government. Without authorization, we must not express our opinions privately.” Li Zhimin said, “We must maintain a high degree of consistency with the central government.”
There is a strict disciplinary system within the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee. All staff’s work notes are marked with serial numbers, archived after use, and handed in before leaving. Different departments do not communicate with each other. Where to go on a business trip, whom to meet, what to do, let alone ask each other.
Zhang Quanjing believes that organizational work has a certain degree of confidentiality, both for historical reasons and due to considerations of the nature of the work and working methods.
The historical reason is that the Communist Party of China has been under white terror for a long time after its founding. Even in the base areas, the environment was very difficult and dangerous. The Organization Department knows all the party members and cadres within its scope of work, so confidentiality is crucial.
After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, confidentiality issues still existed due to the sensitivity of organizational personnel work. The special circumstances of certain party members and cadres, personnel appointments and removals that are being planned but have not yet been decided, and various different opinions during the discussion process must still be kept confidential. “This is not inconsistent with the expansion of democracy in employment and the transparency of party affairs.” Zhang Jingjing said.
Cai Zhiqiang, a professor of the Party Building Department of the Central Party School, believes that the staff of the Central Organization Department are unsmiling and even rigid. This is due to the nature of their work. “You can never represent yourself within an organizational system,” he said. “You have to be low-key, restrained, and disciplined.”
However, there are also “high-profile” times for the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee, that is, attending the appointment and removal conference of cadres.
Generally speaking, when the top leaders of each province or city are appointed, a deputy minister of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China will be present. After the “Two Sessions” every year, it is the transition period of local leaders, and it is also the busiest time for leaders of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
A reporter from “China News Weekly” found out that on March 20 last year alone, five provincial party secretaries from Henan, Hunan, Hebei, Heilongjiang and Jiangxi took office. And this one
Today, the five deputy ministers of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the CPC, Wang Qinfeng, Pan Ligang, Zhang Jinan, Wang Ercheng and Wang Jingqing, also appeared at the same time and attended the five appointment meetings respectively.
The party secretaries of the four municipalities are usually members of the Politburo, and the appointment and removal conferences are correspondingly higher-level.
On November 30, 2007, the Chongqing Municipal Party Committee held a city-wide meeting of leading cadres and conveyed the central government’s decision to replace Wang Yang as Chongqing Municipal Party Secretary. Li Yuanchao, then head of the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee, personally attended the meeting to announce the decision.
After Bo Xilai was dismissed in 2012, Zhang Dejiang concurrently served as Chongqing Municipal Party Committee Secretary as deputy prime minister. Li Yuanchao attended the meeting again and delivered a speech, saying: “This adjustment of the main leaders of the Chongqing Municipal Party Committee was made by the central government after careful study and decision based on the current situation and the overall situation in view of the serious political impact caused by the Wang Lijun incident.”
Eight months later, Zhang Dejiang ended his short time in Chongqing, and Sun Zhengcai took over as secretary of the municipal party committee. The person who read out the appointment and removal decision was Zhao Leji, who had just taken over as head of the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee. In his speech, on behalf of the Central Committee, he affirmed the work of Zhang Dejiang in Chongqing, who has been promoted to the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau.
demystify
In recent years, the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee has begun to show signs of demystification and openness.
On July 7, 2005, Li Jingtian, Vice Minister of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, attended a press conference held by the State Council Information Office, attracting the attention of domestic and foreign media. This is the first time that senior officials from the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee have been sent to answer collective questions from the media.
In June 2010, when the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China routinely released important party statistics, it changed from the written release method of previous years, held an unprecedented press conference, and appointed a spokesperson.
The spokesman said that this is a practical measure to promote the disclosure of party affairs and improve the transparency of organizational work. He said frankly: “As a spokesperson, I am still very new to this job, so I hope everyone can help, give more guidance, and understand more.”
Since the early 1990s, the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee has begun to explore open selection of leading cadres. Wu Jiang, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Personnel Sciences, told China News Weekly that open selection has now been implemented for leadership positions below the deputy department level and some highly professional positions.
In April 2010, Zhang Hongli, the former chairman of Deutsche Bank (China), was appointed vice president of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. Zhang Hongli became the highest-level official imported from overseas by the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the CPC, rewriting the history in which no “turtles” directly became “cadres under central management”.
The Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China broke with convention and selected “central management cadres” through market methods, making it look like a multinational headhunting company. But it goes without saying that it is completely different from what a headhunter does.
In terms of organizational relationships, the senior executives of the four major state-owned banks (chairman, vice chairman, president, vice president and chairman of the board of supervisors) all belong to the “central management cadres” sequence. The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission is involved in personnel appointments and removals, but the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has a great say.
In fact, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has repeatedly adjusted the senior executives of state-owned commercial banks through job rotation. Some executives were appointed to senior government officials. Zhu Min, the former deputy governor of the Bank of China, was promoted to deputy governor of the central bank, completing his transition from banker to government official.
Some people criticize that the scope of open selection is not wide enough, especially that the selection method for high-level cadres is still relatively traditional.
“(The appointment and removal of senior cadres) is not the result of a game, but the result of joint efforts.” Cai Zhiqiang said. He believes that this closed-door consultation mechanism can weigh the different opinions of all parties to the greatest extent and avoid turmoil.
But this consultation mechanism needs to be institutionalized and made more open. At the same time, how to define the authority of organizational departments and how to manage different types of cadres are also issues faced by the Central Organization Department in the new era.
“The Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is in a period of tremendous change.” Cai Zhiqiang told China News Weekly.
(Source: China News Weekly)